What is Schizophrenia? A Mental Disorder That Affects Thinking, Behavior, and the Body

Why in the News ?

• Recently, an analysis of medical data from more than half a million (500,000+) people revealed that individuals with schizophrenia have a significantly higher risk of weak bones and fractures compared to the general population.
• This research shows that schizophrenia is not only a mental illness but also affects overall physical health.

What is Schizophrenia ?

• Schizophrenia is a serious and long-term mental disorder that disrupts a person’s ability to think clearly, understand reality, regulate emotions, behave appropriately, and maintain social relationships.
• People with this condition often find it difficult to distinguish between imagination and reality, which affects their daily life, work, and family relationships.

Major Causes of Schizophrenia

• There is no single cause of schizophrenia; it develops due to a combination of biological and environmental factors.
• Genetic factors: If a family member has schizophrenia, the risk increases.
• Brain chemistry: Imbalance of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and glutamate can trigger the disorder.
• Environmental factors: Infections or malnutrition during pregnancy, childhood trauma, substance abuse, and excessive life stress may increase the risk.

Main Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Symptoms are generally classified into three categories:

1. Positive Symptoms

• Hallucinations (hearing voices or seeing things that are not real).
• Delusions (false beliefs).
• Disorganized thinking and speech.

2. Negative Symptoms

• Reduced emotional expression.
• Lack of interest in speaking or social interaction.
• Poor self-care and low motivation.

3. Cognitive Symptoms

• Weak memory.
• Difficulty concentrating.
• Problems with decision-making and learning.

Increased Risk of Suicide

• People with schizophrenia have a much higher risk of suicidal thoughts and attempts compared to the general population.
• Therefore, early identification, emotional support, and continuous medical care are extremely important.

Childhood and Developmental Aspect

• Symptoms usually begin in late adolescence or early adulthood, but early signs may appear in childhood.
• In children, unusual behavior, social withdrawal, learning difficulties, and emotional instability can be early indicators.
• The condition is linked to disruptions in brain development and early-life stress.

New Research: Schizophrenia and Weak Bones

• Recent studies show that people with schizophrenia often have lower bone density, increasing the risk of fractures.
• Possible reasons include lack of physical activity, limited exposure to sunlight, vitamin D deficiency, smoking, poor diet, and side effects of certain medications.

Treatment and Management of Schizophrenia

• There is currently no complete cure, but with proper treatment, patients can lead a normal life.
• Treatment includes antipsychotic medications, psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, social rehabilitation, and family support.
• In most cases, long-term or lifelong treatment is required.

Social Challenges and Need for Awareness

• Social stigma and misconceptions about mental illness still exist, which discourages many patients from seeking treatment.
• Awareness, sensitivity, and strong public health policies can help improve this situation.

Conclusion

• Schizophrenia is a serious but manageable disorder.
• Early diagnosis, continuous treatment, a supportive social environment, and a healthy lifestyle can significantly improve quality of life.
• New research highlights the importance of monitoring physical health along with mental health.