Current Affairs for 04 December 2025

Bioremediation: Status, Types, and Need

Context

Increasing industrialization, urbanization, and uncontrolled disposal of solid and liquid waste in India have led to serious environmental pollution. Sustainable alternatives are now needed to purify rivers, soil, groundwater, and air, and to move beyond traditional techniques. In this context, bioremediation is emerging as an important solution.

What is Bioremediation?

• Bioremediation means “restoring the environment through biological methods.”
• In this, pollutants are converted into less harmful or inert substances using microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants.
• These organisms use pollutants as food and convert them into simple products such as water, carbon dioxide, or organic acids.
• Some microorganisms can also convert heavy metals into less hazardous forms.

Types of Bioremediation

1.In-situ Bioremediation

• Treatment is carried out at the contaminated site itself.
• Example: Direct spraying of oil-eating bacteria onto an oil spill in the ocean.

2. Ex-situ Bioremediation

• Contaminated soil/water is removed, treated in a controlled facility, and then returned after being cleaned.

Importance

• Modern technologies enable researchers to gain a deeper understanding of the capabilities of microorganisms and biomolecules
•  Genetic modification is creating microbes that can break down even difficult pollutants like plastic, oil, and toxic chemicals.
• Synthetic biology has developed "biosensing" organisms that change color and alert when they detect pollution.
• These technologies are proving useful in sewage treatment plants, agricultural lands, and industrial areas.

Need for Bioremediation in India

• Rapid industrialization and urban expansion in India has led to significant pollution of rivers, soil, and groundwater.
• Large amounts of untreated sewage and industrial waste flow daily into rivers like the Ganga and Yamuna.
• Traditional cleaning technologies are expensive, energy-intensive, and sometimes create new pollutants.
• Bioremediation offers a cost-effective, sustainable, scalable, and environmentally friendly alternative.
• India has a large variety of locally adapted microorganisms that can support effective bioremediation.

Current Status in India

• This technology is currently rapidly emerging in India as a pilot project.
• The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) is supporting several projects through its “Clean Technology Program.”
• CSIR-NEERI is the lead institution for developing and implementing bioremediation programs.
• IITs are conducting research on cotton-based nanocomposites and pollutant-eating bacteria for cleaning oil spills.
• Startups such as BCIL and Econirmal Biotech are providing solutions for soil and wastewater treatment using microbial formulations.

Key Challenges

• Knowledge of technologies specific to individual site conditions is limited.
• Many pollutants are highly complex, and common microbes are ineffective against them.
• Lack of unified national standards.
• Environmental risks from the use of gene-modified microbes.
• Limitations in monitoring, trained human resources, and scientific infrastructure.

Global Applications

• Japan: Extensive use of combining microbial and plant-based technologies in urban waste management.
• European Union: Multinational projects to restore oil spills and mining areas.
• China: Use of genetically modified microbes to clean up industrially polluted areas.

Opportunities for India

• River cleanup, land restoration, industrial waste management.
• Large employment opportunities in biotechnology, environmental consulting, and waste management.
• Can be implemented on a large scale by linking it to the Swachh Bharat Mission, Namami Gange, and green technology initiatives.

Potential Risks

• Genetically modified (GMO) microorganisms can create new problems if they spread unchecked into the environment.
• Impacts on biodiversity due to inadequate testing.
• Low public awareness hinders the adoption of new technologies.
• Need for robust biosafety standards, certification systems, and regular monitoring.

Way Forward

• Developing national bioremediation standards is essential.
• Establish regional bioremediation hubs to understand local needs.
• Encourage startups and community projects through DBT-BIRAC.
• Educate the public that microorganisms can become protectors of the environment, not enemies.
• Strengthen rigorous monitoring and biosafety frameworks for GMO-based technologies.

NAP-AMR 2.0: India's New Antimicrobial Strategy

Context

Recently, India released the National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (NAP-AMR 2.0), designed for the period 2025–29. This plan comes at a time when antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is affecting human health, animal health, agriculture, fisheries, the food chain, and the environment.

Background

• India launched the first NAP-AMR in 2017. That plan:
  • Increased national awareness of AMR
  • Improved multi-sectoral partnerships
  • Strengthened lab networks
  • Promoted surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship
  • Gained official recognition of the One Health approach
• However, implementation at the state level remained very limited.
• Only a few states—Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Sikkim, and Punjab—developed and partially implemented state-level AMR action plans.
• All key determinants, such as health services, veterinary care, pharmacy regulation, antibiotic use in agriculture, and waste management, fall under state jurisdiction, so national guidelines alone were not sufficient.

About NAP-AMR 2.0

• NAP-AMR 2.0 is a more mature and implementation-oriented national plan, with clear timelines, clear responsibilities, resource planning, a greater focus on scientific innovation, and a deeper expansion of the 'One Health' system.
• This plan views AMR not just as a health problem but as a national development priority.

Key Features

• Expanding the 'One Health' approach
  • Integrates human health, animal health, agriculture, aquaculture, the food chain, and the environment.
• Focus on innovation
  • Rapid diagnostics
  • Antibiotic alternatives
  • Point-of-care tools
  • Environmental monitoring
• Private sector participation
  • Because a large portion of health and veterinary services are in the private sector.
• Integrated surveillance
  • Integrated data system between the human, animal, agriculture, and environmental sectors.
• Strong national governance framework
  • Collaborative and Monitoring Committee under NITI Aayog
  • Establishment of State AMR Cells in the States
  • Monitoring through a national dashboard
• Clear division of responsibilities
  • Clarified roles between the Centre and the States.

Significance

• AMR is a major threat to the increasing mortality and disease burden in India.
• AMR spreads rapidly through the food chain, water, human-animal contact, and environmental pollution.
• AMR has spread widely outside hospitals.
• This plan provides a framework for integrated action at the national level.
• By involving all sectors, private and public, the likelihood of effective control at the national level increases.

Concerns

• There is no binding mechanism for implementing the plan at the state level.
• States are not mandated to develop an AMR Action Plan.
• No joint review mechanism.
• No financial incentive or penalty structure like the NHM.
• No concrete legal or administrative pressure to create an AMR cell and state plan.
• Without state-level engagement, the national plan risks becoming a mere "document."

Challenges

• Large variations in capacity and resources across states
• Poor monitoring of antibiotic use in the agricultural and veterinary sectors
• Minimal data reporting in the private sector
• Weak monitoring of environmental and waste management
• Lack of multi-departmental coordination
• One Health framework still lacks administrative strength
• Safe disposal of AMR-related biological waste is a major challenge

Way Forward

• Establishment of a Central-State Joint AMR Council
• Chaired by the Union Health Minister
• Regular review, joint decision-making, and problem-solving
• Formal directives to states
• Preparation and implementation of State AMR Action Plans within stipulated timeframes
• Mandatory annual review
• Financial incentive system
• Conditional grants under the NHM
• Additional funding to strengthen lab networks, surveillance, and stewardship
• Regular monitoring and reporting by the private sector
• Data collection from hospitals, pharmacies, veterinary, and food businesses
• Public awareness and behavior change campaigns
• Support for both human and animal sectors For
• Strengthening environmental monitoring
• Testing for antibiotic residues in rivers, wastewater drains, and sewage systems
• Multi-sectoral training and capacity building
• Skill development across all departments, including health, animal husbandry, agriculture, and municipalities

Conclusion

NAP-AMR 2.0 offers a scientifically, strategically, and administratively robust framework for India. However, its success lies in the shared commitment and coordination between the Centre and the states. If active state participation is ensured, financial and administrative incentives are provided, and the multi-sectoral 'One Health' framework is effectively implemented, NAP-AMR 2.0 could provide a decisive turning point in India's AMR fight. Otherwise, this plan risks remaining merely a document.

Postal Ballot in India – Meaning, Legal Basis & Key Provisions 

What is a Postal Ballot?

A Postal Ballot is a method of voting in which an eligible voter casts their vote without visiting the polling booth, by sending the ballot paper through post or through a mechanism notified by the Election Commission of India (ECI). It ensures voting rights for those who cannot physically reach the polling station due to service, age, health, or official duties.

How Postal Ballot Works

• Voter receives the ballot paper.
• Marks their vote.
• Seals it in the prescribed envelopes.
• Sends it back to the Returning Officer (RO).

Legal Basis

The system of Postal Ballot is governed by:

• Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951
• Conduct of Election Rules, 1961 (Rule 23–27)
• ECI notifications and amendments

Who Can Use Postal Ballot?

1. Service Voters

• Members of the Armed Forces (Army, Navy, Air Force)
• Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF)
• Government officials posted in Indian Missions / Embassies abroad

2. Voters on Election Duty

• Presiding Officers, Polling Officers
• Police and security personnel on duty
• Staff deployed by the Returning Officer

3. ‘Absentee Voters’ Category

Eligible for Vote from Home using Form 12D:

• Senior citizens (80+ years)
• PwD voters (benchmark disabilities)
• Pregnant women
• Voters with serious or chronic illnesses
• Voters under emergency conditions (e.g., during COVID)

4. Undertrial Detainees

• Prisoners who are not convicted, only under trial

5. Voters in Essential Services (as notified by ECI)

• Railways
• Health services
• Fire services
• Postal department
• Telecommunications
• Other essential categories approved by ECI

Procedure: How Postal Ballot Works?

Step 1: Application

• Eligible voter submits Form 12 / Form 12D to request a postal ballot.

Step 2: Verification

• Returning Officer verifies and approves the application.

Step 3: Issue of Ballot Materials

Voter receives:

• Ballot paper
• Inner (secret) envelope
• Declaration form
• Outer envelope (addressed to RO)

Step 4: Casting the Vote

• Voter marks the ballot
• Signs the declaration form
• Seals the envelopes properly

Step 5: Returning the Ballot

• Sends the ballot back via post
  OR
• Submits it personally at the RO’s office

Step 6: Counting of Votes

• Postal Ballots are counted first on counting day.

ETPBS – Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot System

The ECI has introduced ETPBS for service voters to speed up the process.

Features

• Ballot is sent electronically to the voter.
• Voter prints the ballot, marks it, and returns it by post.
• Enhances speed, security, and reduces logistical delays.
• One of India’s most advanced election technologies.

Significance of Postal Ballot

1. Inclusive Democracy

Ensures voting rights of:

• Soldiers
• Senior citizens
• Ill or disabled voters
• Pregnant women
• Officials on election duty

2. Higher Voter Turnout

Enables participation even when physical voting is not possible.

3. Upholds Universal Adult Franchise (Article 326)

Expands accessibility and democratic participation.

4. Useful During Emergencies

Widely used during COVID-19 and natural disasters.

Issues & Challenges

1. Postal delays – ballots may arrive late.
2. Security concerns – risk of undue influence or improper assistance.
3. Possibility of fraud – identity verification challenges.
4. Administrative burden – extra staff, verification processes.
5. Exclusion of migrant workers and NRI voters – large voting population still left out.

Reforms Needed

1. Remote / Digital Voting

To include migrant workers and NRI voters.

2. Expansion of ETPBS

More categories of voters can be included.

3. Strengthening Postal & Logistics Systems

• Tracking facilities
• Faster dispatch & delivery

4. Better Security Protocols

• Stronger sealing mechanisms
• Signature verification
• CCTV tracking at RO offices

5. Awareness Campaigns

Educating voters about:

• Eligibility
• Forms
• Time limits
• Voting process

Rupee Slides Past ₹90 Per Dollar Amid Worsening External Pressures

Why in the News?

India’s rupee breached the ₹90-per-dollar mark for the first time, rattling financial markets and deepening concerns about the country’s external sector outlook. The currency has already weakened over 5% in 2025, signaling sustained domestic and global pressures, including a strong US dollar, widening trade deficit, and uncertainty around the India–US trade agreement.

Rupee Declines Beyond ₹90 Per Dollar

A Psychological Threshold Broken

The rupee’s fall below ₹90—a key psychological and technical barrier—has prompted concerns of further depreciation toward ₹91–92, as automated buy-stop orders get triggered in currency markets.

Domestic Fundamentals Remain Strong, Yet Rupee Falls

Despite several positive macro indicators:

• Easing crude oil prices
• Inflation falling below 1%
• 8.2% GDP growth in Q2
  the rupee continues weakening, highlighting a sharp disconnect between domestic fundamentals and external sector dynamics.

Why Is the Rupee Weakening?

• Strong US dollar
• Foreign investor outflows
• Trade deficit widening
• Uncertainty over tariff conditions with the US
• High festive-season gold imports
• Market sentiment turning risk-averse

India’s Trade Deficit Shows Strong Signs of Widening

Export Decline

India’s merchandise exports declined 11.8% YoY in October 2025 to $34.4 billion, driven by:

• Lower shipments to the US
• Higher US tariffs
• Weak global demand
• A high base effect from 2024

Import Surge

Imports rose 16.6% YoY to a record $76.1 billion, led by:

• Electronics
• Crude oil
• Machinery
• Gold, which tripled to $14.7 billion

Why Is the Trade Gap Widening?

• Weak export competitiveness
• Tariff disadvantages in key markets
• Strong domestic demand for imported goods
• Global slowdown affecting Indian products

Impact on the Rupee

A widening trade deficit increases demand for dollars and puts persistent downward pressure on the rupee, worsening the balance-of-payments situation.

Delayed India–US Trade Agreement Adds Further Pressure

Markets remain uneasy due to the lack of clarity on the long-awaited India–US Trade Agreement.

Without a Trade Deal:

• Indian exporters face higher tariffs
• Competitiveness erodes
• Markets expect rupee depreciation to “offset tariff disadvantages”
• Import conditions remain uncertain

Until the agreement is finalized, the rupee is likely to remain under pressure as a “market-adjusted shock absorber.”

Foreign Investors Continue to Exit Indian Markets

FPI Outflows Since January 2025:

Foreign Portfolio Investors have pulled out ₹1.48 lakh crore, citing:

• Global profit-booking
• Better returns in other emerging markets
• India’s relatively weaker market performance

Why FPIs Are Selling Despite Strong Macro Indicators?

• Indian equities have underperformed global peers
• Valuations remain high
• Global investors are reallocating to higher-yield markets
• India being used as a “liquidity source”

Persistent FPI selling raises dollar demand, accelerating rupee depreciation.

Is RBI Letting the Rupee Slide?

Soft-Touch RBI Strategy

Economists suggest that RBI is not actively weakening the rupee, but is allowing it to move with global trends while curbing excess volatility.

Why RBI Isn’t Aggressively Intervening?

• Its forward book is already heavily drawn down
• Intervening too heavily can drain reserves
• Excess defence of the rupee can attract IMF criticism
• Allowing depreciation can support exports during trade stress

Behavioural Market Factors

• Importers rushing to buy dollars
• Exporters waiting for a weaker rupee to maximize returns
• Dollar index holding below 100

RBI appears to be striking a balance: letting the rupee find its level while preventing disorderly volatility.

WHO Issues First Global Guidelines on GLP-1 Weight-Loss Drugs

Why in the News?

The World Health Organization (WHO) has released its first-ever global guidelines on the use of GLP-1 receptor agonist drugs for weight loss. These drugs have rapidly gained global popularity for obesity management, including in India.

About GLP-1 Drugs

What Are They?

GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) receptor agonists are synthetic, laboratory-developed versions of the natural GLP-1 hormone. They were originally designed for type-2 diabetes, but are now widely used as anti-obesity medications in adults.

Mode of Use:

• Mostly injectable formulations
• Oral versions are under development and early use

Examples:

1. Semaglutide (brands: Ozempic, Wegovy)
2. Tirzepatide (brand: Mounjaro, Zepbound)

Both are available in India and have significantly changed obesity and diabetes management.

How GLP-1 Drugs Work

GLP-1 receptor agonists mimic the action of the natural GLP-1 hormone and work through several mechanisms:

1. Increase Insulin Release

• Boost insulin secretion from the pancreas
• Only when blood glucose levels are high (prevents hypoglycemia)

2. Reduce Glucagon Production

• Inhibits glucagon secretion
• Decreases the liver’s production of glucose

3. Slow Gastric Emptying

• Food remains longer in the stomach
• Prevents sudden spikes in blood sugar

4. Suppress Appetite

• Reduces hunger signals
• Helps people feel full quicker
• Leads to clinically significant weight loss

Key Biological Facts About GLP-1

1. A Naturally Occurring Incretin Hormone

• GLP-1 is an incretin, a hormone released after meals that stimulates insulin.

2. Dual Role – Hormone & Neurotransmitter

• Acts in the gut and also in the brain’s appetite-control centers.

3. Secreted From:

• Small intestine (L-cells)
• Hindbrain (nucleus of the solitary tract)

4. How It Regulates Blood Sugar

Once released, GLP-1:

• Travels to the pancreas
• Stimulates insulin release
• Suppresses glucagon
• Maintains stable blood sugar after meals

WHO’s New Global Guidelines

Although the detailed WHO guidelines apply mostly to adults with obesity, their intent is to:

• Standardize global use
• Ensure safety monitoring
• Educate patients about side effects
• Prevent misuse for cosmetic weight loss
• Promote evidence-based prescriptions over social-media trends

Why These Guidelines Matter

• GLP-1 drugs have created a revolution in obesity treatment, but also concerns about:
  • Supply shortages
  • Unsafe self-medication
  • Fake products online
  • Long-term side effects
  • Rising dependence on injections
• WHO guidelines aim to balance benefits vs. risks, especially for low- and middle-income countries like India.

India to Conduct 8th Economic Census in 2027 After Population Census Cycle

Why in the News?

The Government of India has announced that the 8th Economic Census (EC) will be conducted in 2027, immediately following the two-phase Population Census scheduled for 2026–27. The new EC aims to build a modernised and unified Statistical Business Register (SBR) for improved national-level economic planning.

What is Economic Census (EC)?

Definition

The Economic Census is a complete enumeration of all establishments engaged in the production or distribution of goods and services other than for purely personal/household consumption.

Conducting Agencies

• Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation (MoSPI)
• National Statistical Office (NSO)
• Conducted in partnership with Directorates of Economics & Statistics (DES) of all States/UTs

Historical Background

• First conducted in 1977
• Subsequent censuses: 1980, 1990, 1998, 2005, 2013, and 2019
• The 8th EC will follow a gap of nearly eight years since the last (2019) edition

Key Features of the 8th Economic Census (2027)

1. Creation of a Unified Statistical Business Register (SBR)

• Data from EC 2027 will feed into the SBR, a digitalised, comprehensive database of all enterprises in India
• SBR will help identify:
  • Active vs inactive enterprises
  • Sector-wise economic activity
  • Employment patterns
  • Industrial clustering across states

2. Improved Economic Data Accuracy

The SBR enables accurate tracking of business dynamics—closures, new enterprises, sectoral shifts—leading to stronger evidence-based policymaking.

3. Enhanced National Accounts Estimates

Accurate establishment-level data will support:

• GDP estimations
• Index of Industrial Production (IIP)
• MSME mapping
• Sectoral policy planning

Population Census 2026–27: Key Highlights

About the Census

India’s Population Census is the largest administrative exercise in the world.

Legal Basis

• Conducted under Census Act, 1948
• Governed by Census Rules, 1990

Administrative Structure

• Headed by:
  • Registrar General of India (RGI)
  • Census Commissioner of India

Significance

Provides granular data at village, town, ward and district levels on:

• Population & demography
• Religion, caste (SC/ST)
• Education & literacy
• Housing & amenities
• Economic activity
• Migration
• Fertility & marital status
• Language distribution

Historical Context

• The 2027 Census will be India’s 16th decennial census
• First synchronous nationwide Census was conducted in 1872
• The last Census (2011) preceded a 16-year gap due to COVID-19

Why Conduct EC After Population Census?

A combined cycle of population and economic enumeration helps:

• Create high-quality baseline datasets
• Align population dynamics with enterprise distribution
• Improve targeting of subsidies, infrastructure, and welfare
• Strengthen econometric modelling for national planning

Five Traditional Tamil Nadu Products Earn New GI Recognition

Why in the News?

Five culturally significant and region-specific products from Tamil Nadu have recently been awarded the Geographical Indications (GI) Tag, strengthening their market identity, safeguarding artisan livelihoods, and promoting traditional heritage.

What is a Geographical Indication (GI) Tag?

A Geographical Indication is an intellectual property right used for products that originate from a specific geographical region and possess qualities, reputation, or characteristics linked to that location.

• Governed by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999
• Valid for 10 years, renewable
• Helps prevent unauthorised use and promotes rural economic development

Newly Recognised GI Products from Tamil Nadu

1. Woraiyur Cotton Sari

Location: Woraiyur & Manamedu, Tiruchirappalli District

Key Features:

• Known for the Korvai border, featuring continuous geometric motifs and bold colour contrasts.
• Traditionally woven on the banks of the Cauvery River.
• Celebrated for its durability, vibrant palette, and meticulous craftsmanship.
• The Devanga weaving community has preserved and promoted the art of Woraiyur saris for generations.

2. Thooyamalli Rice

Meaning: Thooyamalli translates to “Pure Jasmine”.

Characteristics:

• A traditional samba-season rice variety, maturing in 135–140 days.
• Also called “pearl rice” for its shiny appearance.
• Highly valued for its nutritional properties, aroma, and long-grain texture.
• Popular in traditional Tamil cuisine due to its easy digestibility and health benefits.

3. Kavindapadi Naatu Sakkarai (Jaggery Powder)

Region: Kavindapadi, Erode District

Highlights:

• Kavindapadi is a leading jaggery-producing hub with extensive sugarcane fields irrigated by the Lower Bhavani Project canal.
• The jaggery powder is produced by:
  • Mechanically crushing cane
  • Slow evaporation of juice
  • Producing a fine, chemical-free jaggery powder rich in minerals
• Widely used in traditional sweets, beverages, and medicinal preparations.

4. Namakkal Kalchatti (Soapstone Cookware)

Region: Namakkal District

Features:

• Made from natural soapstone (makkal pathirangal).
• Known for heat retention, slow cooking properties, and natural non-stick behaviour.
• Kalchatti vessels have been integral to South Indian kitchens for centuries.
• Helps retain nutritional value due to uniform heat distribution.

5. Ambasamudram Choppu Saman (Wooden Toys)

Origin: Ambasamudram, Tirunelveli District

About:

• A 200-year-old craft tradition, originating in the 18th century.
• Involves handcrafted miniature wooden household items like:
  • tiny pots, pans
  • tables, chairs
  • kitchen utensils
• Traditionally made from indigenous wood varieties such as:
  • Manjal Kadamba (Neolamarckia cadamba)
  • Teak
  • Rosewood
• Known for their durability, smooth finish, and use in children’s pretend-play sets.

Cultural & Economic Significance

• Boosts rural craftsmanship and local livelihoods
• Prevents counterfeit reproductions
• Promotes cultural heritage and traditional knowledge
• Enhances national and international market visibility
• Supports Tamil Nadu’s growing GI portfolio (already among the top states in GI registrations)

Ten Years of SDGs: India’s Progress (2015–2025)

In 2015, the United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, introducing 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets to address global challenges such as poverty, inequality, hunger, health crises, climate change, and environmental degradation. The SDGs are universal, meaning they apply equally to developed, developing, and least developed countries.

Their guiding principle is “Leave No One Behind.”

India’s Importance in SDG Achievement

India plays a central role in the global success of the SDGs because:

• 17% of the world’s population lives in India.
• 11% of the world’s poor reside in India.
• India’s performance shapes the global averages in development, environment, and climate indicators.

Global Progress: SDR 2025 Highlights

Top Performers

• Finland (87)
• Sweden
• Denmark

Their success is driven by:

• Robust public health systems
• High social expenditure
• Clean energy policies
• Comprehensive social security
• Strong digital governance models

Global Challenges

• Only 17% of SDG targets are on track to be achieved by 2030
• Climate-related targets largely off-track
• COVID-19 reversed education and health gains in nearly 50% of countries
• Conflicts (Ukraine–Russia, West Asia) slowed global progress

India’s Progress: Detailed Analysis

India’s SDG Index Score (2025): 67/100

India’s Global Rank: 99th

SDG 1: No Poverty

Achievements

• 135 million people exited multidimensional poverty (2015–16 to 2019–21) — one of the fastest reductions globally.

Key Schemes

• PMGKY, PM-Awas Yojana
• PM-Ujjwala Yojana
• PMJDY (financial inclusion)
• MGNREGA

Analysis

India has made substantial progress in reducing both income poverty and multidimensional poverty (health, education, living standards).

SDG 2: Zero Hunger

Achievements

• Malnutrition rate: 13.7% (2021–23)
• Decline in child stunting and wasting

Major Contributions

• PM-POSHAN
• ICDS, POSHAN Abhiyan
• National Food Security Act: Free ration to 80 crore beneficiaries

Critical View

• India still has the world’s largest number of malnourished children
• Dietary diversity remains limited

SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being

Achievements

• Maternal Mortality Ratio: 130 → 80.5
• Decline in Infant Mortality Rate
• Increase in life expectancy

Key Schemes

• Ayushman Bharat (health insurance for 55+ crore people)
• Mission Indradhanush (immunization)
• PM-ABHIM (health infrastructure)

Challenges

• Rural–urban health gap
• Low doctor/nurse per capita ratio
• Public health expenditure remains low (~3% of GDP target unmet)

SDG 4: Quality Education

Achievements

• Primary enrolment: 99.9%
• Improved Gender Parity Index in school education

Digital Interventions

• DIKSHA, SWAYAM
• PM e-Vidya
• NDEAR framework

Challenges

• Declining learning outcomes (ASER 2023)
• Urban–rural digital divide

SDG 5: Gender Equality

Achievements

• Modern contraceptive demand satisfied: 77.5% (2024)
• Rise in female literacy and workforce entry

Challenges

• Female labor force participation still 30–32%
• High cases of gender-based violence
• Low political representation (Women’s Reservation Act 2023 is a major reform)

SDG 6: Clean Water & Sanitation

Achievements

• Tap water connections to 15+ crore households under Jal Jeevan Mission
• Toilet coverage near 100%
• Improved rural sanitation via Swachh Bharat Mission

Challenges

• Water quality issues — fluoride, arsenic
• Groundwater depletion
• Weak wastewater management systems

SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

Achievements

• Electricity access: 99.2% (2022)
• India in top 5 globally for solar capacity
• World’s largest renewable energy park (Gujarat)

Challenges

• Rising energy demand
• Lack of battery storage and grid modernization

SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, Infrastructure

Achievements

• 886 million active internet users (2024)
• UPI: World’s most advanced digital payment system
• India: World’s 2nd largest mobile manufacturer

Challenges

• Limited credit access for MSMEs
• Low R&D expenditure (~0.7% of GDP)

SDG 10–17: Summary Analysis

SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities

• Social welfare schemes reduced inequality
• Wealth inequality still widening

SDG 11: Sustainable Cities

• Smart Cities Mission improved infrastructure
• Urban congestion, waste management, pollution remain challenges

SDG 12–13: Climate Action

• India’s NDC targets globally appreciated
• Pollution, water crisis, rising emissions persistent

SDG 14–15: Life Below Water & Life on Land

• Increase in forest cover
• Tiger population reached 3167
• Biodiversity loss remains a serious concern

SDG 16: Peace, Justice & Strong Institutions

• Improved digital governance and transparency
• Judicial pendency remains high

SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals

• India emerging as the voice of the Global South
• G20 presidency strengthened global cooperation

Key Challenges for India in Achieving SDGs

1. Data Gaps
   • Lack of updated data in many states/districts
   • Weak real-time monitoring systems
2. Funding Constraints
   • India needs ~$2.4 trillion for SDG completion
   • Difficulty attracting private investment
3. Institutional Capacity
   • Weak coordination among Centre–State–Local bodies
4. Regional Imbalances
   • BIMARU states lag in health, education, nutrition
   • Southern and Northeastern states perform better
5. Environmental Stress
   • India: 3rd largest CO₂ emitter
   • Severe air pollution hotspots (Delhi, Varanasi)
6. Global Crises
   • Rising food & energy prices
   • Geopolitical instability
   • Long-term pandemic impact

The Way Forward — India’s Strategy

1. Data Reforms
   • National SDG Data Grid
   • District-level SDG dashboards
   • AI-based monitoring
2. Financial Innovation
   • Green bonds, SDG bonds
   • Strengthening DFIs
   • PPP-based development
3. Governance Reforms
   • Strong Centre-State-Local coordination
   • SDG-linked budgeting
   • Outcome-based governance
4. Stakeholder Engagement
   • Private sector: ESG-based investments
   • Civil society involvement
   • Youth & start-ups in Green-Tech, Agri-Tech
5. Mainstreaming Sustainability
   • Renewable energy expansion
   • Climate-resilient agriculture
   • Circular economy
   • Water management & groundwater recharge

Conclusion

In the past decade, India has made commendable progress in:

• Poverty reduction
• Health and education
• Clean energy
• Digital infrastructure
• Social and economic inclusion

While India outperforms global averages in several areas, significant challenges remain—regional disparities, environmental pressures, financial limitations, and institutional capacity gaps.

If India strengthens cooperative federalism, financial innovation, environmental sustainability, and data-driven governance, it can not only meet most SDGs by 2030 but also present a new model of development for the world.

Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) – Annual Groundwater Quality Report, 2025

India is among the world’s largest users of groundwater. A major share of drinking water, agriculture, and industrial needs is fulfilled through groundwater. Hence, assessing its quality is crucial. The Annual Groundwater Quality Report 2025, released by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), presents the current status, major contaminants, and regional patterns of groundwater pollution across India.

Report

1. Overall Quality Status

• 71.7% of India’s groundwater samples meet the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) norms.
• 28.3% samples contain one or more contaminants beyond the permissible limits.

Why this matters

→ Over 80% of rural drinking water in India depends on groundwater. Any deterioration in quality directly threatens public health and water security.

Major Contaminants

(A) Nitrate – The Most Widespread Contaminant

• 20% samples exceed the WHO/BIS limit of 45 mg/L.

Main sources

• Excessive fertilizer application
• Sewage percolation
• Animal waste infiltration

Health impacts

→ Blue Baby Syndrome, cancer risks, thyroid issues.

(B) Uranium Contamination

• Pre-monsoon: 6.71% samples above the safe limit (30 ppb).
• Post-monsoon: 7.91% samples above the limit.
• Most affected regions: Punjab, followed by Haryana and Delhi.

Source

→ Mostly geogenic (leaching from rocks), but aggravated by groundwater over-extraction.

(C) Salinity (Electrical Conductivity)

• 7.23% samples exceed the prescribed limit.

Highly affected regions

• Rajasthan
• Delhi
• Other arid/semi-arid regions

Causes

→ Over-pumping, low recharge, seawater intrusion in coastal areas.

(D) Fluoride

• 8.05% samples exceed BIS limits.
• Largely geogenic.

Worst-affected state

→ Rajasthan

Health impacts

→ Dental and skeletal fluorosis.

(E) Lead (Pb)

• Highest concentrations reported in Delhi.

Health impacts

• Impaired cognitive development
• Increased blood pressure
• Kidney damage
• Classified as a potential carcinogen

(F) Other Contaminants

• Arsenic
  • Ganga–Brahmaputra basin: Bihar, West Bengal, Assam
• Manganese
  • Assam, Karnataka, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal
• Iron, cadmium, chromium in industrial clusters

Groundwater for Irrigation

• 94.30% of samples fall under the “Excellent” category.
  → Groundwater is largely suitable for agricultural usage.

Trends in Groundwater Quality

• Pre-monsoon quality is generally poorer.
• Slight reduction in dissolved contaminants after monsoon recharge.
• States with heavy groundwater extraction (Punjab, Haryana) show rising contamination.
• Urban areas exhibit higher heavy-metal contamination than rural regions.

Central Ground Water Board (CGWB)

Significance of the Report

(i) Environmental–Health–Agriculture Linkages

Groundwater pollution affects health (nitrate, fluoride, arsenic), drinking water access, and food security.

(ii) Climate Change Impact

Lower recharge in drought-prone regions increases contaminant concentration.

(iii) Groundwater Over-extraction

~14% of India’s blocks are “over-exploited”, increasing geogenic contaminant mobilization.

Policy Recommendations

1. Nitrate Management

• Fertilizer regulation
• Promotion of organic agriculture
• Proper sewage treatment systems

2. Uranium/Fluoride Reduction

• Defluoridation and de-metalization units
• Expanding groundwater recharge structures

3. Salinity Control

• Artificial recharge
• Monitoring freshwater–saline water interface
• Barrier wells in coastal regions

4. Urban Groundwater Safety

• Heavy-metal monitoring
• Treatment of industrial effluents

Conclusion

The CGWB Groundwater Quality Report 2025 shows that while most groundwater in India is safe, contaminants like nitrate, uranium, fluoride, arsenic, and salinity pose serious regional challenges. Ensuring groundwater safety requires scientific management, recharge enhancement, better farming practices, and strict control of pollution sources. The report offers valuable insights for policy formulation, sustainable water management, and long-term water security.