125th death anniversary of Bhagwan Birsa Munda

Why in News?

• On 9 June 2025, the 125th death anniversary of tribal freedom fighter and great hero Bhagwan Birsa Munda was celebrated.

About Birsa Munda:

1. Introduction

• Born: 15 November 1875 in Ulihatu village, Khunti district, Jharkhand
• Nickname: "Dharti Aba" (Father of Earth), "Bhagwan" (Messenger of God)
• Tribe: Munda tribe
• Education: Early education was at the German Mission School in Salga village, but he left the school after being disillusioned with the ways of Christian missionaries.
• He died on 9 June 1900 in Ranchi Jail.

2. Major Movements and Contributions    

• Ulgulan (Great Tumult) Movement (1899-1900): It was a major revolt of Munda tribals against the British, landlords and Christian missionaries.
• Causes:
  • Land related issues: Disruption of traditional land system (Khuntakati system) of tribals by British laws, which took away their lands.
  • Zamindari system: Exploitation of tribals and excessive rent collection by outside landlords (Dikus).
  • Influence of Christian missionaries: Interference in tribal culture and attempts of conversion by missionaries.
  • Begar system: Forced tribals to work without wages.
• Objective: To establish “Abua Dishum, Abua Raj” (Our Country, Our Rule), to restore the rights of tribals over water, forest and land.
• Impact: The movement spread widely in the Chotanagpur region and inspired the tribals to organise against the British.
• Results: Although Birsa Munda was arrested and the movement was suppressed, it resulted in the British imposing the Chotanagpur Tenancy Act (CNT Act), 1908, which prohibited the transfer of tribal land.
• Religious reforms:
  • He founded a new religion called 'Birsait' which emphasised monotheism (worship of Singhbonga).
  • He inspired the tribals to give up social evils like drinking alcohol, witchcraft, superstition and animal sacrifice.

3. Significance and Legacy

• Birsa Munda is seen as a symbol of tribal self-respect, autonomy and cultural identity.
• His leadership inspired the tribals to fight against injustice and made them realise the importance of their traditional land and culture.
• The Government of India has announced to celebrate his birthday, November 15, as "Tribal Pride Day" from the year 2021, honoring the contribution and heritage of tribal communities.