Current Affairs for 24 June 2026

India State Finances 2024-25: CAG Report on Rising Subsidies and Debt Burden

Why in News ?

• The CAG report has gained attention due to sharp increases in fiscal pressures across Indian states in 2024-25.
• State subsidy expenditure rose to ₹4.37 lakh crore in 2024-25, reflecting a continuous expansion of welfare-oriented spending. This indicates increasing dependency of state budgets on recurring subsidy commitments. 
• Energy subsidies alone accounted for 43.4% of total subsidies (₹1.9 lakh crore), making electricity support the single largest component of state welfare spending. 

Key Highlights of the Report

1. Rising Subsidy Burden

Subsidies account for nearly 9% of total state expenditure, showing their growing importance in state budgets. The share of subsidies in revenue expenditure has also increased to 10.2%, indicating higher recurring financial commitments.

This rise reflects expanding welfare schemes but also reduces flexibility for development spending.

2. Energy Sector Dominates Subsidies

The energy sector remains the largest component, accounting for 43.4% of total subsidies (around ₹1.9 lakh crore). These subsidies are mainly used to support electricity supply for households and farmers and to compensate losses of power distribution companies.

Agriculture is the second-largest sector, receiving ₹1.30 lakh crore in subsidies, including support for irrigation, fertilisers, and farm inputs.

3. State-wise Fiscal Pressure

Some states show significantly higher dependency on subsidies, indicating uneven fiscal stress across India. Karnataka recorded the highest subsidy burden at 14.01% of total expenditure, while Rajasthan led in energy subsidy spending at ₹32,572 crore.

Other states such as Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and Punjab also show consistently high subsidy-related expenditure.

4. Rising Debt Levels

State debt has increased sharply from ₹23.92 lakh crore (2015-16) to ₹75.52 lakh crore (2024-25). This reflects a 216% rise over the last decade, largely driven by borrowing to meet revenue expenditure.

Debt levels in many states now exceed 186% of their revenue receipts, raising concerns about long-term fiscal sustainability.

5. High Committed Expenditure

A large portion of state budgets is locked into fixed obligations such as salaries, pensions, and interest payments. Salaries amount to ₹7.71 lakh crore, pensions to ₹5.12 lakh crore, and interest payments to ₹5.7 lakh crore.

These unavoidable expenses significantly reduce the money available for infrastructure and new development projects.

6. Decline in Development Space

Revenue expenditure now dominates over 83% of total spending, leaving limited space for capital investment. As a result, spending on infrastructure, education, healthcare, and other productive sectors is not growing proportionately.

• Interest payments on loans rose to ₹5.7 lakh crore, which is higher than total subsidy spending, showing a rising debt burden on state finances. 
• Total state debt reached ₹75.52 lakh crore, highlighting a significant increase in borrowing over the last decade. 
• Subsidy spending has increased by over 214% in the last decade, showing a structural shift in fiscal priorities towards welfare expenditure. 

This creates a structural imbalance between welfare spending and long-term development needs.

Concerns Highlighted by CAG

The report raises several important concerns regarding state finances :

• Shrinking fiscal space for new development initiatives due to rising committed expenditure. 
• Increasing dependence on borrowings to meet routine expenditure instead of asset creation. 
• Growing subsidy burden affecting fiscal discipline and budget flexibility. 
• Weak growth in capital expenditure, limiting long-term economic development. 
• Rising risk of fiscal instability if current trends continue. 

Way Forward

The CAG suggests several corrective measures for states to ensure fiscal stability :

• Regular review and rationalisation of subsidy schemes to avoid inefficiencies. 
• Better targeting of subsidies to ensure benefits reach the intended population. 
• Focus on increasing revenue generation to reduce dependency on borrowing. 
• Shift from revenue-heavy spending towards capital investment for long-term growth. 
• Strengthening fiscal discipline through improved budget management.

India's Space Odyssey: Building India's Space Future and Rising as a Global Space Power

• India's space journey over the last 12 years reflects the spirit of Vishwas, Vikas and Jan Kalyan. Driven by Aatmanirbhar Bharat, Make in India and the vision of Viksit Bharat 2047, the nation has emerged as a leading space power.
• Landmark achievements include Chandrayaan-3's lunar south pole landing, Aditya-L1's solar mission, and preparations for Gaganyaan and a national space station. 
• Space startups have grown from one in 2014 to over 400 as on Feb 2026. Liberalised Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) norms, greater private participation, and NSIL-led commercialisation have accelerated growth. 
• These achievements reflect a confident and self-reliant India using space technology for development, global partnerships, and inclusive progress.

The Rise of a Global Space Power 

• Over the last twelve years, India's space programme has emerged as a symbol of national confidence, technological self-reliance, and global ambition. 
• What began as a scientific endeavour has evolved into a strategic national asset that supports development, strengthens security, drives innovation, and enhances India's standing in the world. 
• This journey reflects the spirit of 12 Years of Vishwas Ke, Nirman Ke and Jan Kalyan Ke—building trust through achievement, creating new opportunities through innovation, and delivering benefits that reach every citizen.
• Three defining pillars have shaped this transformation. Firstly, India's Space Capability has extended the nation's reach beyond Earth through landmark missions, advanced launch systems, and indigenous technologies.
• Additionally, building National Capacity has leveraged space-based applications to strengthen governance, connectivity, disaster management, agriculture, healthcare, education, and economic growth. Moreover, the global
• partnerships and collaborative leadership have enhanced India's credibility as a trusted space partner, expanding international cooperation and reinforcing its role in the peaceful and responsible use of space.
• These achievements tell the journey of a nation that is not only reaching new frontiers in space but also harnessing space technology to empower its people, strengthen its institutions, and elevate India's standing in the global arena.
• It is a journey guided by national purpose, and focused on improving lives. 

India’s Space Capability Reaching Beyond Earth 

• Over the past decade, India has steadily expanded the scope of its space programme. It began with a focus on space exploration, which has now evolved into a broader effort to advance scientific research, develop cutting-edge technologies, and strengthen national capabilities. 
• Today, India is pursuing ambitious goals across deep-space exploration, space science, human spaceflight, and orbital infrastructure. 
• These achievements reflect growing confidence, technological maturity, and a long-term vision for India's role in the global space ecosystem

Lunar Exploration - The Chandrayaan Programme

• India's lunar journey reflects a sustained commitment to scientific discovery and technological advancement. 
• The foundation was laid with Chandrayaan-1 in 2008, India's first mission to the Moon. The mission transformed global understanding of lunar resources by discovering evidence of water molecules and hydroxyl on the Moon's surface. 
• Its Moon Impact Probe also provided valuable insights into the lunar exosphere. Further, Chandrayaan-2, launched in 2019, strengthened India's lunar programme.
• Operating from an altitude of 100 kilometres, it provided some of the highest-resolution images of the lunar surface and captured details as fine as 30 centimetres. 
• Chandrayaan-1and Chandrayaan-2 established India as a serious contributor to global lunar science and laid the groundwork for future exploration.
• That foundation further culminated in a historic achievement on 23 August 2023. 
• Chandrayaan-3 made India the first country to achieve a soft landing near the Moon's south pole and the fourth nation after the United States, Russia, and China to successfully soft-land on the lunar surface. 
• The Vikram lander touched down at 69.3° South latitude, a region never previously reached by any spacecraft. 
• Scientific instruments conducted in-situ studies and confirmed the presence of Sulphur through direct elemental analysis. 
• India's lunar ambitions continue to grow. Chandrayaan-4, planned for 2027, aims to land on the Moon, collect samples, and return them to Earth. 
• The Chandrayaan-5/LUPEX (LUnar Polar EXploration) mission, will explore water and other volatile materials in permanently shadowed regions near the lunar south pole, taking India deeper into the next era of lunar exploration. 

The Mars Orbiter Mission 

• The Mars Orbiter Mission, popularly known as Mangalyaan, marked India's entry into interplanetary exploration. 
• On 24 September 2014, the spacecraft successfully entered Martian orbit, making India the first country to reach Mars on its maiden attempt. 
• With this achievement, ISRO became only the fourth space agency in the world to place a spacecraft in orbit around Mars after United States' NASA, Russia's Roscosmos, and the European Space Agency (ESA). Originally designed for a six-month mission, Mangalyaan remained operational for more than eight years, far exceeding expectations. 
• The mission generated valuable scientific data on Mars' atmosphere, exosphere, surface features, and interactions with solar winds. 
• Beyond its scientific contributions, Mangalyaan demonstrated India's ability to execute complex deep-space missions with remarkable efficiency and established the country as a credible participant in planetary exploration.

Aditya-L1: India's First Solar Observatory

• India expanded its space ambitions beyond planetary exploration with Aditya-L1, the country's first dedicated solar mission. 
• Launched in 2023, the spacecraft was successfully placed in a halo orbit around the Sun-Earth L1 Lagrange Point, nearly 1.5 million kilometres from Earth. 
• This unique position enables uninterrupted observation of the Sun and its dynamic activity. 
• The mission studies the solar corona, solar winds, and space weather phenomena that influence Earth's environment and technological systems. 
• Aditya-L1 has also been opened to the national scientific community as a proposal-driven observatory. 
• Scientific data are regularly released in the public domain, strengthening global solar research. 
• More than 27 TB of solar observation data have already been disseminated, making the mission an important contributor to international scientific knowledge.

Space Astronomy and Space Docking: Expanding Frontiers of Capability

• India has strengthened its position in advanced space science through astronomy and in-orbit technology demonstrations. AstroSat, India's first multi-wavelength space observatory, completed a decade in orbit in September 2025 and has contributed several important scientific discoveries. XPoSat, launched on 1 January 2024, further expanded India's capabilities in X-ray astronomy. Both missions continue to operate as proposal-driven observatories serving researchers worldwide.
• India also achieved a major technological breakthrough through the Space Docking Experiment (SPADEX) in January 2025. The mission made India the fourth nation after the United States, Russia, and China to demonstrate autonomous docking and undocking in space. 
• ISRO also demonstrated power transfer between docked satellites, tested a robotic arm in microgravity.
• The successful development of the indigenous Bharatiya Docking System marks a major milestone, enabling the seamless conduct of India’s landmark upcoming missions such as the Bharatiya Antriksha Station (BAS), Chandrayaan-4, and Gaganyaan. 
• Read More : SpaDeX Mission: Revolutionising Space Exploration

Venus Orbiter Mission: Exploring Earth's Sister Planet

• Building on its achievements at the Moon and Mars, India is preparing its first mission to Venus. 
• The Venus Orbiter Mission, approved by the Government of India, is targeted for launch in March 2028. 
• The mission will study Venus' geology, surface composition, atmosphere, ionosphere, and resurfacing processes. Scientists will also examine how solar activity influences the planet's atmospheric and near-space environment. 
• The mission represents a significant technological leap for India's space programme. It will attempt advanced capabilities such as aerobraking and sophisticated thermal management systems to operate in Venus' extreme conditions. 
• These technologies are being undertaken by ISRO for the first time and will further strengthen India's expertise in deep-space exploration and planetary science.

Gaganyaan: India's First Human Spaceflight Programme

• Approved in January 2019, the mission aims to send up to three Indian astronauts into a 400-kilometre orbit for up to three days before bringing them safely back to Earth. 
• The programme includes two uncrewed missions and one crewed mission. The programme entered in its final phase in 2025. Beyond space exploration, Gaganyaan is strengthening Indian industry, creating new technologies, and bringing India closer to becoming one of the few nations capable of independently sending humans to space.
  

National Space Station

• Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) is India's planned space station and a key pillar of Space Vision 2047. 
• BAS will be a five-module space station in Low Earth Orbit, designed to support long-duration human space missions and advanced scientific research in microgravity. 
• In September 2024, the Union Cabinet approved the development and launch of the first module, BAS-01, by 2028 as part of the expanded Gaganyaan programme. 
• The station will enable research in life sciences, medicine, and emerging technologies while supporting future human exploration missions beyond Earth orbit.
• India's progress in space reflects a clear shift from enhancing capability to building leadership. The country is not only expanding the frontiers of scientific discovery but also developing technologies that will shape the future of space exploration. 
• With ambitious missions, advanced research programmes, and a strong long-term roadmap, India is strengthening its position among the world's leading spacefaring nations. 

Building Capacity Through Private Participation, Innovation, and Technological Development 

• India's space programme has evolved from a scientific endeavour into a powerful instrument of national development. 
• Through private sector powering India's space transformation, an expanding Indigenous Space Technology Stack, the growth of NavIC – India's Indigenous Navigation System, advanced Launch Vehicles, and space-based public services, India has strengthened national capacity in governance, connectivity, disaster resilience, innovation, and economic development. 
• Today, space technology is not only enabling missions beyond Earth but also transforming everyday life across the country. 

Private Sector Powering India's Space Transformation

• India has transformed its space sector from a government-led programme into a vibrant national ecosystem. 
• The opening of the space sector for private players in 2020, followed by the Indian Space Policy 2023, enabled greater private participation across the space value chain. 
• Start-ups, industry, and research institutions now play an increasingly important role in innovation, manufacturing, launch services, and satellite applications. Government initiatives such as the liberalised Foreign Direct Investment policy, the IN-SPACe Seed Fund Scheme, the Pre-incubation Entrepreneurship Programme, the ₹1,000 crore Venture Capital Fund, and the₹500 crore Technology Adoption Fund have strengthened the ecosystem.

The scale of change is striking. In 2014, India had just one registered space start-up. As on Feb 2026, that number had crossed 400. Investment in Indian space start-ups exceeded $500 million, with nearly $150 million attracted in 2025 alone. Companies such as Pixxel, Dhruva Space, Skyroot Aerospace, Agnikul Cosmos, and Bellatrix Aerospace have emerged as pioneers of a new space era. 

Commercialisation: Expanding India's Space Economy

• India’s space economy, is currently  valued at $8 billion with a share of  2–3% in the global space economy. 
• It is projected to grow five-fold to $40–45 billion over the next decade, with its global share targeted at 8% by 2030. Over the last twelve years, the Government has significantly accelerated the commercialisation of the space sector through major institutional reforms and private sector participation.
• NewSpace India Limited (NSIL), established in 2019, and IN-SPACe established in 2022, have created a strong institutional framework for industry participation, technology transfer, and private investment.
• While NSIL commercialises ISRO's technologies, launch services, and satellite services, IN-SPACe facilitates and authorises private-sector activities through a single-window mechanism.
• These reforms have delivered measurable outcomes. According to the Economic Survey 2025-26, NSIL revenues increased from ₹321.77 crore in FY 2021-22 to ₹3,246.09 crore in FY 2024-25. As of 31 January 2026, IN-SPACe had facilitated 71 ISRO technology transfers to industry and startups. 
• Six Indian Non-Governmental Entities launched 18 satellites, while 25 payloads were flown or scheduled on POEM (PSLV Orbital Experimental Module) platforms. The approval of an Earth Observation satellite constellation under the PPP model in 2026 and the transfer of SSLV technology to HAL in 2025 further strengthened India's commercial space ecosystem.

Self-Reliant Space Transportation

• India has achieved self-reliance in space transportation systems to launch satellites up to 10 tons to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and 4.2 tons to Geo-Synchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) through the currently operational PSLV, GSLV and LVM3 launch vehicles. 
• These launch vehicles have enabled independent space access to satellites for earth observation, communication, navigation and space exploration.
• In order to enhance the launch vehicle capabilities towards meeting the expanded space vision, Government has approved the development of a Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) which will provide a maximum payload capability of 30 tons to Low Earth Orbit. 
• Towards achieving low-cost access to space, reusable launch vehicle technologies are also being developed including a partially reusable variant of NGLV with 14 tons payload capability to LEO. 
• Another development is of a winged body upper stage which will fly back from the orbit to the Earth and autonomously land on a runway.
  

Advances in Propulsion Technologies

• ISRO is steadily building the next generation of India’s space transportation technologies. 
• From electric propulsion systems (EPS) that can extend satellite life to advanced cryogenic and semi-cryogenic engines, these breakthroughs will significantly improve mission flexibility, payload performance, and cost efficiency. 
• The first satellite using Electric Propulsion System (EPS) for mission operations is targeted for launch during 2026–27, marking a major step towards more efficient and long-duration space missions.
• India has also achieved important breakthroughs in throttling capabilities of the Vikas Engine, a critical step towards reusable rockets with vertical take-off and landing capabilities. 
• The new Bootstrap Ignition Technology for the CE20 cryogenic engine now enables multiple engine restarts during missions, enhancing operational flexibility. Meanwhile, the upgraded upper stage of the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) has reduced stage mass and improved payload capacity by nearly 90 kg, strengthening India’s capability for cost-effective small satellite launches.

Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLV)

• ISRO’s RLV-TD programme marks a major step towards low-cost and reusable space transportation systems. 
• Designed like a futuristic aircraft, the winged vehicle combines the complexity of both launch vehicles and aeroplanes. 
• The programme aims to develop critical technologies for fully reusable launch systems, which can significantly reduce the cost of accessing space. RLV-TD serves as a flying test bed for advanced technologies such as hypersonic flight, autonomous landing, and integrated flight management etc.
• India has already achieved significant milestones under the programme. ISRO successfully flight-tested RLV-TD on 23 May 2016 from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota, validating autonomous navigation, guidance and control systems, reusable thermal protection systems, and re-entry mission management technologies. The programme has since completed three successful autonomous runway landing experiments.

Indigenous Electronics and On-board Systems

• ISRO jointly with Semiconductor Laboratory (SCL), Chandigarh developed VIKRAM3201, India’s first fully indigenous 32-bit space microprocessor, along with KALPANA32 for high-reliability space missions. This reduces dependence on foreign components and improves mission safety.
• India's growing space capacity reflects the broader story of national transformation over the past 12 years. 
• Continuous investments in technology, infrastructure, and innovation have expanded the country's capabilities and reduced dependence on external systems. 
• Anchored in the spirit of Make in India, these efforts are creating new opportunities for science, industry, and development. 
• They are accelerating India's journey towards Viksit Bharat and strengthening its position as a leading spacefaring nation. 

Indian Space Sector Credibility on the Global Stage

• International cooperation has remained a cornerstone of India’s space programme since its inception. 
• Over the last 12 years, India has significantly expanded global space partnerships, strengthening scientific collaboration, technology exchange, and joint mission development. 
• ISRO launched 35 foreign satellites between the 1990s and 2014. After 2014 and as on March 2026, the number increased sharply to 399 foreign satellite launches. 
• Additionally, as of 2026, India has signed more than 300 space cooperation agreements with 61 countries and 5 multilateral organisations. These partnerships cover satellite missions, data sharing, ground stations, scientific research, and capacity building. 
• Key international collaborations and strategic partnerships developed over the last decade are outlined below. 

India-Russia Partnership: Supporting India's Human Spaceflight Ambitions

• India's human spaceflight programme has benefited from a long-standing partnership with Russia. 
• Building on decades of space cooperation, ISRO and ROSCOSMOS signed an MoU in 2018 to support the Gaganyaan mission. 
• Russia has provided astronaut training, technical expertise, and support in critical areas such as life-support systems, crew safety, and human spaceflight technologies. 
• This collaboration has strengthened India's preparedness for its first indigenous crewed mission and reflects growing international confidence in India's expanding space ambitions.

ISRO & NASA

• India's growing reputation in space is reflected in its collaboration with leading global space agencies. 
• A major example is the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission, jointly developed by ISRO and NASA and launched on 30 July 2025 aboard GSLV-F16 from Sriharikota. 
• NISAR will monitor changes in land, glaciers, forests, and oceans, helping scientists better understand climate change, natural disasters, and environmental challenges. 
• The mission combines the expertise of two of the world's leading space agencies and demonstrates India's ability to undertake complex international projects.

ISRO and the French space agency CNES

• India's expanding global partnerships are also reflected in the TRISHNA (Thermal InfraRed Imaging Satellite for High-resolution Natural Resource Assessment) mission, being jointly developed by ISRO and the French space agency CNES. 
• Scheduled for launch in 2026, TRISHNA will provide high-resolution thermal imaging of Earth's land and coastal regions with a revisit frequency unmatched by existing missions. 
• The satellite will help monitor crop water stress, irrigation needs, water resources, urban ecosystems, glaciers, and climate-related changes.
• Combining a thermal infrared instrument from CNES and an optical sensor from ISRO, the mission demonstrates India's growing credibility as a trusted partner in advanced Earth observation and climate science, while supporting sustainable agriculture and environmental management worldwide.

ISRO and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)

• India's growing credibility in deep-space exploration is further reflected in the Chandrayaan-5/LUPEX (Lunar Polar Exploration) mission, a landmark collaboration between ISRO and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). 
• Scheduled for launch in 2027–28 aboard Japan's H3 rocket, the mission will combine an Indian-developed lander with a Japanese rover to explore the Moon's polar region. 
• Building on the success of Chandrayaan-3 and the planned lunar sample return of Chandrayaan-4, LUPEX will search for lunar water and ice deposits, drill beneath the surface, and conduct advanced in-situ scientific investigations. 
• The mission also includes instruments from NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA), highlighting India's ability to lead complex multinational scientific collaborations and contribute to the next phase of global lunar exploration. 

Partnership with the European Space Agency (ESA)

• On 7 May 2025, ESA and ISRO signed a Joint Statement of Intent to work together on future human space missions. The partnership focuses on activities in Low Earth Orbit and, in the future, on Moon exploration. 
• Both agencies will collaborate on technologies that allow spacecraft from different countries to work together, as well as on astronaut training and space research. 
• The agreement also opens opportunities for European astronauts to participate in missions related to India's planned Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) and for joint scientific missions to the Moon. 
• Building on their cooperation during the Axiom Ax-4 mission, ESA and ISRO are working to make future space missions more connected, efficient, and collaborative. 
• This partnership highlights the growing international trust in India's space capabilities and its increasing role in shaping the future of human space exploration. 

India-Germany Space Cooperation

• India has successfully launched 11 German satellites using Indian launch vehicles, highlighting growing international confidence in India's space capabilities. 
• During a high-level meeting on2 June 2026, India and Germany identified new opportunities for collaboration in satellite communications, optical communications, human spaceflight, microgravity research, Earth observation, drone technologies, and future space exploration missions. 
• The discussions built upon the long-standing partnership between ISRO and the German Aerospace Centre (DLR) and focused on advancing joint research, innovation, and technology development in emerging space domains.

Italy-India Joint Strategic Action Plan 2025-2029

• India and Italy elevated their space cooperation under the India-Italy Joint Strategic Action Plan announced on 18 November 2024 during the G20 Summit in Rio de Janeiro. 
• The two countries agreed to expand collaboration between the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Italian Space Agency (ASI) in Earth observation, heliophysics, and space exploration, with a particular focus on lunar science. 
• Both sides also committed to advancing research and development for the peaceful and sustainable use of outer space while promoting greater commercial cooperation involving industries, MSMEs, and startups. 

ISRO and the Saudi Space Agency

• India and Saudi Arabia elevated their space cooperation on 23 April 2025 through an MoU between  ISRO and the Saudi Space Agency. 
• The agreement promotes collaboration in satellite development, space science, exploration, research, innovation, and capacity building. 
• It also encourages entrepreneurship and academic engagement in space technologies, reflecting a shared commitment to peaceful and developmental uses of outer space.

ISRO and the Mauritius Research and Innovation Council

• India's long-standing space partnership with Mauritius entered a new phase on 1 November 2023. 
• ISRO and the Mauritius Research and Innovation Council (MRIC) signed an MoU to jointly develop a small satellite, with the Union Cabinet taking note on 5 January 2024. 
• The project strengthens satellite development capabilities, supports the use of Mauritius' ground station, and reinforces a partnership dating back to 1986. 
• The satellite is expected to be realised within 15 months at an estimated cost of ₹20 crore, funded by the Government of India.

Regional Partnerships in Space Sector with Bhutan

• India's space cooperation has strengthened regional partnerships, particularly with Bhutan. 
• On 19 November 2020, India and Bhutan signed an MoU on Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, approved by the Union Cabinet on 30 December 2020. 
• The agreement covers Earth observation, satellite communication, satellite navigation, space science, planetary exploration, and developmental applications of space technology. 
• A Joint Working Group was established to implement collaborative projects, supporting governance, resource management, communication, and scientific research through space-based solutions.

Space for Citizens - Applications That Touch Everyday Life

• Over the last decade, India's space programme has evolved into a critical national infrastructure supporting governance, development, environmental management, and disaster resilience. 
• Satellite-based data, geospatial technologies, and digital platforms are enabling data-driven decision-making, improving transparency, and enhancing the effectiveness of government programmes across sectors. 

NavIC - India's Indigenous Navigation System

• NavIC is India's indigenous satellite navigation system. It provides accurate positioning, navigation, and timing services across India and up to 1,500 kilometres beyond its borders. 
• Developed to reduce dependence on foreign navigation systems, NavIC strengthens India's technological self-reliance and strategic capacity. 
• The system operates through a constellation of satellites providing continuous regional coverage. 
• To strengthen the network, the first second-generation satellite, NVS-01, was launched in May 2023, followed by NVS-02 in January 2025. Five second-generation satellites, from NVS-01 to NVS-05, are planned to enhance reliability and ensure uninterrupted services.
• NavIC has become an important part of India's digital and physical infrastructure. 
• It supports power-grid synchronisation, real-time train tracking, vehicle monitoring, Aadhaar device geo-tagging, and public safety alert systems.
• Its adoption is growing rapidly across logistics, vessel monitoring, geo-fencing, and location-based services. 
• ISRO has also partnered with industry, including Qualcomm, to integrate NavIC into mobile chipsets, expanding its reach to everyday users.

Data-Driven Governance

• Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Jal Shakti, Ministry of Rural Development, and State Governments increasingly utilise geospatial information, thematic applications, and digital platforms for governance and public service delivery. 
• Satellite-based data supports improved planning, real-time monitoring, resource management, and efficient implementation of development programmes across sectors. 

Food & Water Security

• Space technology strengthens food and water security through satellite-based monitoring and forecasting. 
• Crop acreage mapping, production forecasting, drought assessment, and crop yield estimation support agricultural planning and insurance programmes. 
• Hydro-informatics services under the National Hydrology Project and the India Water Resources Information System (India-WRIS) improve water resource planning and management.

Disaster Management & Early Warning

• India’s space infrastructure has strengthened disaster preparedness and emergency response. 
• Satellites support monitoring of cyclones, floods, landslides, forest fires, and other natural hazards. 
• The National Database for Emergency Management (NDEM 5.0) provides real-time geospatial information and decision-support tools. 
• The Satellite Aided Search and Rescue (SASAR) programme supports distress alert and emergency response services. 

Governance & Rural Development

• Geospatial technologies support transparent implementation of major government programmes. 
• These include MGNREGA, PMGSY, PMKSY, AMRUT, green cover monitoring, and the National Addressing System. Satellite-based platforms support evidence-based planning and monitoring from national to village levels. 

Supporting Coastal Communities

• Potential Fishing Zone (PFZ) advisories help fishermen identify productive fishing areas. 
• These advisories reduce fuel consumption and search time. Indigenous Distress Alert Transmitters (DATs) improve safety by enabling emergency alerts from fishing vessels.

Satellites Based Solution in Health and Education

• ISRO provides telemedicine services in remote and high-altitude regions.
• Telemedicine nodes operate in Jammu & Kashmir, Leh, Ladakh, Siachen, and other strategic areas. 
• Around 179 telemedicine nodes are operational, including nearly 80 in high-altitude regions. These services improve access to specialist healthcare.
• Additionally, Satellite communication has also expanded access to quality education across India. 
• Under PM e-VIDYA, 370 educational television channels are delivered through GSAT-15 and GSAT-9 satellites. These services support digital learning, teacher training, and educational outreach in remote regions. 

 Geoportals and Citizen-Centric Digital Platforms 

• ISRO operates specialised geoportals providing satellite-derived information for governance and public use. 
• Bhoonidhi, MOSDAC, VEDAS, and Bhuvan support Earth observation, weather services, infrastructure monitoring, flood management, and digital addressing through DIGIPIN integration.
• In last decade, space technology has become integral to everyday life in India. 
• Space-based applications now support governance, healthcare, education, disaster management, and livelihoods. 
• These advancements reflect India’s commitment to inclusive development through science and technology. 
• As India advances towards Viksit Bharat, the space programme continues to strengthen public service delivery and improve citizens’ lives. 

Towards becoming a Responsible Space Power

• Over the last twelve years, India’s space programme has shown how technological advancement can directly support national development.
• Space technology now supports governance, strengthens economic growth, and improves everyday life. 
• India’s progress has been driven by indigenous innovation, scientific excellence, and public welfare. 
• Simultaneously, India has emerged as a trusted global space partner through international cooperation, commercial launches, and knowledge sharing. 
• The country continues to promote the peaceful and responsible use of outer space. 
• As India advances towards Space Vision 2047, the focus remains on expanding scientific frontiers while creating benefits for society. 
• The journey ahead aims to build a stronger, self-reliant, and globally respected India through space-led innovation and development. 

India-UK CETA: A transformative trade agreement towards growth, jobs and global integration

Why in the News ?

The India-United Kingdom Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), which is set to come into effect on July 15, is being considered a significant milestone in India's trade diplomacy. This agreement aims to increase trade between the two countries, expand market access, boost Indian exports, facilitate professional mobility, and accelerate the goal of 'Developed India 2047.' It holds a special place among the most comprehensive and ambitious free trade agreements India has signed with a developed economy.

Key Features of CETA

• Under this agreement, Indian exporters will gain duty-free access to the United Kingdom market on approximately 99 percent of tariff lines. This means that the vast majority of Indian products will be able to enter the UK without import duty. This will enhance the competitiveness of Indian products and develop new business opportunities in the manufacturing, agriculture, and services sectors.
• This agreement is not limited to trade alone, but is also people-centric and inclusive. It will provide farmers with access to premium export markets, fishermen with increased marine product exports, and micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), start-ups, and artisans with the opportunity to connect with global value chains. Furthermore, new business opportunities will be created for women entrepreneurs and youth, and skilled professionals will have greater opportunities to gain employment and work experience abroad.

Benefits to Agriculture and the Rural Economy

• The implementation of CETA is expected to significantly benefit the Indian agricultural sector. Turmeric, pepper, cardamom, mango pulp, pickles, pulses, and various processed agricultural products will gain duty-free access to the UK market. This is expected to boost demand for Indian agricultural products and increase farmers' incomes.
• The agreement will promote value addition in the agricultural sector and strengthen the food processing industry. Farmers and enterprises will be encouraged to adopt quality certification, modern packaging, and export standards. New employment opportunities will also be created at various levels of the agricultural supply chain.
• However, India has excluded some of its sensitive agricultural sectors from the scope of this agreement. Sectors such as dairy products, cereals, millets, apples, oats, and edible oils have been exempted from liberalization. This aims to protect farmers' interests, ensure food security, and maintain price stability in the domestic market.

Boost to the Manufacturing Sector and MSMEs

• This agreement is expected to particularly benefit India's labor-intensive industries. Sectors such as sports goods, toys, textiles and apparel, and gems and jewelry will gain a better competitive position in the UK market. The removal of tariff barriers will make products from these sectors more attractive and competitive.
• The benefits will not be limited to large industries, but will also extend to traditional artisans, regional industrial clusters, and export-oriented micro and medium enterprises. The textile industry in Tirupur, the diamond industry in Surat, the technology sector in Bengaluru, and the IT sector in Hyderabad will be able to take advantage of the new business opportunities arising from this agreement.

Key Achievements in the Services Sector

• One of the biggest achievements of the India-UK CETA is the comprehensive market access package for the services sector. The United Kingdom has provided Indian service providers with extensive opportunities in the fields of information technology, IT-enabled services, financial services, professional services, healthcare services, education services, telecommunications services, and engineering and consultancy services.
• The agreement also promotes the international mobility of Indian professionals. It simplifies the movement process for business visitors, contract service providers, freelance professionals, investors, and employees of multinational companies. Additionally, special mobility opportunities will be provided to 1,800 Indian chefs, yoga instructors, and classical musicians each year, further promoting the global dissemination of Indian culture and skills.

Double Contribution Convention (DCC): A Historic Initiative

• A key aspect of this agreement is the Double Contribution Convention (DCC). Under this, Indian professionals temporarily working in the United Kingdom will be exempted from the double contribution system in social security schemes.
• This arrangement is expected to directly benefit over 75,000 Indian professionals and reduce operating costs for over 900 Indian companies. It will also reduce the cost of hiring employees abroad and facilitate the movement of global talent.

The Importance of CETA in India's Comprehensive FTA Strategy

• India's recent free trade agreement policy is not limited to tariff reductions, but also encompasses investment, job creation, professional mobility, and regulatory cooperation.
• For example, the EFTA Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA) promises to generate $100 billion in investment and approximately 1 million direct jobs. Similarly, the India-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement targets $20 billion in investment over 15 years. The India-Australia Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA) addresses double taxation issues related to Indian IT companies.
• These initiatives clearly demonstrate that India is now pursuing comprehensive economic agreements that promote trade expansion, attract investment, and create jobs.

Strategic Importance and Potential Challenges

• CETA can play a significant role in strengthening India's global economic position. Free trade agreements signal policy clarity and stability to investors. India's growing economic ties with developed economies demonstrate that India has become a reliable and attractive destination for global investors.
• In recent years, India has emerged as one of the world's fastest-growing major economies. Today, India is seen as a reliable partner for diversifying global supply chains and attracting investment. This agreement will further strengthen this position.
• Additionally, this agreement will encourage Indian industries to become more competitive. Domestic companies will need to increase their productivity, improve quality standards, and embrace innovation. This process is in line with the goals of Atmanirbhar Bharat and Vikas Bharat 2047.
• However, to reap the full benefits of this agreement, some challenges will need to be addressed. Indian industries will need to upgrade their products and processes to meet international quality standards. To enhance export competitiveness, logistics, certification systems, and supply chains must be strengthened, and MSMEs must be provided with continued institutional and government support to adapt to global competition.

Conclusion

The India-UK CETA is a new-generation trade agreement, not limited to tariff reductions but also encompassing investment facilitation, professional mobility, social security cooperation, and broader dimensions of economic partnership. This agreement will play a significant role in boosting Indian exports, encouraging job creation, attracting investment, and strengthening India's participation in global markets. While ensuring the protection of sensitive domestic sectors, this agreement can prove to be an important step in moving India towards the goal of a 'Developed India 2047'.

Keir Starmer resigns: What is the constitutional process for changing Prime Minister in the UK?

Why in the news ?

• British Prime Minister Keir Starmer has formally resigned from his post and as leader of the Labour Party. With his resignation, Britain has lost its seventh Prime Minister in the past decade, which is being seen as a sign of growing political instability in the country.
• In the 2024 general election, the Labour Party won 412 seats, defeating the Conservative Party, which had been in power for 14 years. However, Starmer was forced to step down only two years after receiving a landslide mandate.

Why did Keir Starmer resign ?

Freebies Gate controversy

• Keir Starmer and several of his cabinet ministers were accused of accepting gifts and perks worth thousands of pounds. This matter became known as "Freebies Gate." This controversy affected his credibility with the public and led to a significant decline in his popularity.

Unpopular policy decisions

• Several decisions by the Starmer government caused public discontent. The government cut the winter fuel subsidy for approximately 10 million pensioners. Additionally, approximately 1,700 prisoners were released before the completion of their sentences.
• Some of the harsh economic measures taken to raise resources for the National Health Service (NHS) were also not well-received by the public.

The Impact of Brexit

• Keir Starmer's resignation comes just before the tenth anniversary of Britain's exit from the European Union, or Brexit. Britain left the EU following a referendum in 2016.
• Even a decade later, its economic and political effects are clearly visible. Problems such as slow economic growth, rising government borrowing, rising taxes, inflation, business complexities, and limited success in immigration control have fueled public discontent.
• Several surveys have shown that a majority of British citizens believe Brexit was a wrong decision.

Poor performance in local elections

• The Labour Party suffered a serious setback in the local elections held in May 2026. The party lost nearly 1,100 council seats and lost control of more than 30 local councils.
• The party also performed poorly in the Makerfield by-election. These results strengthened calls for leadership change within the party and ultimately led to Starmer's resignation.

How is the Prime Minister elected in Britain ?

• The British Parliament consists of two houses, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Commons is the elected lower house of Parliament, consisting of 650 MPs, while the House of Lords is the upper house, whose members are appointed or hereditary.
• British citizens elect MPs from their constituencies in general elections. The leader of the political party that wins a majority in the House of Commons is invited by the British monarch, King Charles III, to form a government. This leader then becomes Prime Minister.
• It is important to understand that in Britain, the five-year term is for Parliament, not for the Prime Minister. Therefore, if the ruling party wishes, it can change its leader and Prime Minister even before the end of Parliament's term.

Why is the Prime Minister called "first among equals"c?

• In the British parliamentary system, the Prime Minister is not considered an all-powerful ruler. He is called "primus inter pares," meaning "first among equals."
• This means that the Prime Minister's power is based on the confidence of his party and cabinet. If the support of his party's MPs wanes, the Prime Minister may have to step down and be replaced by another leader.

What is the process for replacing the Prime Minister ?

• If the position of Labour Party leader becomes vacant or enough party MPs demand a leadership change, the process of selecting a new leader begins.
• First, the Labour Party's National Executive Committee (NEC) meets and schedules the leadership election. Interested candidates then submit their nominations.
• Candidates must be current members of the House of Commons and have the necessary support from party organizations or affiliated institutions.
• Party members then vote through a preferential voting system. Voters rank the candidates in order of their preference. If no candidate receives more than 50 percent of the vote in the first round, the candidate with the lowest number of votes is eliminated and their votes are transferred to other candidates. This process continues until a candidate receives a clear majority.

The Constitutional Process of Transfer of Power

• After the selection of a new leader, the outgoing Prime Minister formally submits his resignation to the British Monarch at Buckingham Palace. The newly elected leader is then invited to meet with the Monarch.
• The Monarch invites him to form a government, and upon accepting the invitation, he becomes the new Prime Minister of Britain.

Who Could Be the Next Prime Minister ?

• In the current political climate, Andy Burnham is considered a leading contender for the post of Prime Minister. Wes Streeting has reportedly withdrawn his candidacy and endorsed Burnham, further strengthening his position.

Conclusion

• Since the Brexit referendum in 2016, Britain has experienced a period of frequent leadership changes. During this period, leaders such as David Cameron, Theresa May, Boris Johnson, Liz Truss, Rishi Sunak, and Keir Starmer have served as Prime Minister, but none has completed a full term.
• Keir Starmer's resignation is not just a political event, but also a symbol of the economic challenges in Britain, the long-term effects of Brexit, political polarization, and changing public opinion. This incident demonstrates that while leadership changes in parliamentary democracies are relatively simple, maintaining political stability can be equally difficult.

Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA): Crackdown on Misleading Advertisements

Why in News ?

• The Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) has taken a significant and strict action against misleading advertisements that deceive consumers. 
• The Authority imposed a penalty of ₹1 lakh each on Storia Foods & Beverages Pvt. Ltd. and Mrs. Bectors Food Specialities Ltd. (English Oven) for the misleading use of the term “100%” in the advertisement of their food products. 
• Both companies have also been directed to immediately remove such claims from their product packaging, websites, and all digital platforms. 
• The action was taken under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 and the Guidelines for Prevention of Misleading Advertisements and Endorsements for Misleading Advertisements, 2022. 

What Was the Misleading Advertisement ?

Storia Foods

• The company marketed its coconut water as “100% Natural Tender Coconut Water.” 
• However, investigations found that the product contained ingredients other than pure coconut water. 

English Oven

• The company advertised its bread as “100% Whole Wheat Atta Bread.” 
• Investigation revealed that the bread contained only 87% wheat flour, while the remaining portion consisted of other ingredients. 

What Did the CCPA Say ?

• The CCPA clarified that the term “100%” represents an exact and mathematical claim. 
• Companies cannot use it casually as a marketing slogan or promotional tagline. 
• If a product is advertised as 100% pure or 100% made from a particular ingredient, it must not contain even 1% of any other substance, such as water, additives, chemicals, or concentrates. 
• Any deviation from such a claim amounts to consumer deception and a misleading advertisement. 

Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA)

About CCPA

• The Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) was established under Section 10 of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019. 
• The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 replaced the Consumer Protection Act, 1986. 
• The Act was notified on 9 August 2019 and came into force on 20 July 2020. 
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution. 

Composition

• The CCPA is headed by a Chief Commissioner. 
• It is assisted by two Commissioners : 
  • One Commissioner deals with matters related to Goods. 
  • The other Commissioner handles matters related to Services. 

Functions and Powers

• Protect, promote, and enforce the rights of consumers. 
• Prevent Unfair Trade Practices (UTPs). 
• Regulate and prohibit false and misleading advertisements. 
• Ensure that no person or entity publishes or endorses misleading advertisements. 
• Initiate class action proceedings in the interest of consumers. 
• Order : 
  • Recall of unsafe goods and services. 
  • Refunds to consumers. 
  • Cancellation of licenses where necessary. 
• Conduct inquiries and investigations through its Investigation Wing, headed by a Director General (DG). 
• Direct businesses to discontinue unfair trade practices. 
• Impose penalties and other punitive actions on violators. 
• Take necessary measures for consumer welfare and protection across the country.