Down Syndrome: Causes, Effects and Treatment

Chilean actor Sebastian Solorza, who suffers from Down Syndrome, is preparing to contest the presidential election.

About Down Syndrome

• Down syndrome is a genetic disorder. It is also called Trisomy 21.
• In this, an extra copy of the 21st chromosome is found in the cells of the person's body.

Causes

• Normally humans have 46 chromosomes but in Down syndrome there are 47 chromosomes.
• The main reason for this is the error in cell division of the fetus during pregnancy.
• In most cases, its cause is a natural biological process, which cannot be stopped.
• Pregnant women over the age of 35 are at higher risk.

Symptoms

• Small and flat face shape
• Upward slant in the eyes
• Short limbs
• Slow physical and mental development
• Difficulty speaking and learning

Effects on the body

• Higher risk of congenital heart disease
• Thyroid problems
• Hearing and vision problems
• Weak immune system
• Life expectancy may be lower than normal but with the right treatment, patients can live a long life.

Treatment

• Permanent cure is not possible but supportive therapy can improve quality of life.
• Treatment includes:
  • Speech therapy (improvement in speech)
  • Occupational therapy (helps in daily activities)
  • Physiotherapy (helps in physical development)
• Early education and special care
• With proper health care, people suffering from Down syndrome can lead a normal life.

Situation in India and the world

• In India, about 30,000–35,000 new cases of Down syndrome are reported every year.
• Globally, 1 in every 700 newborns has Down syndrome.
• Due to awareness and medical facilities in developed countries, people suffering from Down syndrome are able to live long and healthy lives.

Related organizations

• Down Syndrome Federation of India (DSFI): Provides awareness and support in India.
• National Down Syndrome Society (NDSS, USA): Works on education, employment and rights at the global level.
• Down Syndrome International (DSI): Works for the rights of people with special needs at the global level.