Green Power vs Ecological Concerns: Sharavathi Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project Under Judicial Review

Why in News ?

The Karnataka High Court has issued notices to the Central and State governments regarding a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) challenging the approvals granted for the Sharavathi Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project (PSHP).

The petition questions the legality of clearances provided by the State Wildlife Board and the in-principle approval given by the National Board for Wildlife.

The project has generated debate over the balance between renewable energy development and ecological conservation in the Western Ghats.

About the Sharavathi Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project (PSHP)

The Sharavathi Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Project is a proposed hydropower project on the Sharavathi River in Shivamogga district.

Key Features

• Planned power generation capacity: 2,000 MW
• Developer: Karnataka Power Corporation Limited (KPCL)
• Would become India’s largest pumped storage hydroelectric project once completed.

The project aims to enhance grid stability and support integration of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind.

Project Structure and Design

The project is designed as a pumped storage hydropower system, which uses two reservoirs at different elevations.

Reservoir System

• Upper reservoir: Talakalale Dam
• Lower reservoir: Gerusoppa Dam

Talakalale dam currently regulates water for the existing Sharavathi hydropower project, while Gerusoppa will serve as the lower reservoir.

Major Infrastructure Components

• Five underground tunnels
• Eight pumping stations
• Pumped storage turbines

These components allow water to be pumped back to the upper reservoir during periods of low electricity demand and released during peak demand to generate power.

Additional Objectives of the Project

Beyond electricity generation, the project aims to:

• Support integration of renewable energy into the power grid
• Reduce dependence on fossil fuels
• Contribute to carbon emission reduction

The project is also partly inspired by large-scale water management systems like the Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project.

It also aims to provide drinking water supply to Bengaluru, addressing the city’s growing water demand.

Environmental and Ecological Concerns

The project area falls within the Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ) of the Sharavathi Wildlife Sanctuary, which is part of the ecologically fragile Western Ghats.

Biodiversity Significance

The sanctuary is home to several endangered and endemic species, including:

• Lion-tailed macaque
• Hornbills
• King cobra
• Numerous endemic plant species

Environmental groups argue that construction activities, tunnels, and infrastructure could fragment habitats and threaten biodiversity.

Background: Pumped Storage Hydropower

Pumped storage hydropower is a form of energy storage technology that supports renewable energy systems.

How It Works

1. During low electricity demand, surplus electricity pumps water to a higher reservoir.
2. During peak demand, water is released downhill through turbines to generate electricity.

Importance

• Balances intermittent renewable energy (solar and wind).
• Provides grid stability and energy storage.
• Helps manage fluctuations in electricity supply.

India is increasingly exploring pumped storage projects as part of its clean energy transition strategy.

Key Facts about the Sharavathi River

The Sharavathi River is one of the major rivers of Karnataka.

Key Characteristics

• Originates in the Western Ghats
• Flows westward toward the Arabian Sea
• Empties into the sea near Honnavar

Unlike most Indian rivers that flow eastwards, Sharavathi flows westward.

Geographic and Hydrological Features

The river basin features diverse landscapes including:

• Rocky outcrops
• Deep gorges
• Fertile plains

A major attraction along its course is Jog Falls, one of the highest waterfalls in India.

Major Tributaries

• Nandihole
• Haridravathi
• Mavinahole
• Hilkunji
• Yennehole
• Hurlihole
• Nagodihole

Significance of the Project

1. Renewable Energy Expansion

The project will contribute 2,000 MW of clean electricity, supporting India’s renewable energy goals.

2. Grid Stability

Pumped storage projects help store excess renewable power and supply electricity during peak demand.

3. Energy Storage Infrastructure

PSHPs act as large-scale battery systems for electricity grids.

4. Water Resource Management

The project may support drinking water supply to Bengaluru, which faces increasing water stress.

5. Economic Development

Infrastructure investments can promote regional economic growth and job creation.

Environmental Concerns and Challenges

• Ecological Impact
  • The project could affect fragile ecosystems of the Western Ghats.
• Wildlife Habitat Disruption
  • Construction activities may disturb habitats of endangered species such as the lion-tailed macaque.
• Forest and Biodiversity Loss
  • Large infrastructure projects often involve forest clearance.
• Legal and Regulatory Scrutiny
  • Approvals from wildlife and environmental authorities are being legally challenged.

Way Forward

• Strengthen Environmental Impact Assessments
  • Scientific and transparent environmental studies are essential before project approval.
• Adopt Eco-Friendly Construction Practices
  • Minimising deforestation and habitat disruption should be prioritised.
• Balance Energy and Ecology
  • Policy frameworks should ensure renewable energy expansion without compromising biodiversity.
• Stakeholder Consultation
  • Local communities, environmental experts, and policymakers should be involved in decision-making.