World Psoriasis Day 2026: Theme, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Awareness

Why in news?

World Psoriasis Day is observed on 29 October every year to raise awareness about psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.

Key Facts

What is Psoriasis?

• Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the skin and may also affect the nails and joints.
• It commonly causes red or discoloured patches covered with thick, scaly skin.
• Symptoms may include itching, soreness, pain and skin cracking.
• The condition can occur at any age and may vary in severity from person to person.
• Psoriasis is not contagious and cannot spread through touching, sharing food or ordinary social contact.

Causes and Risk Factors

• Immune system: Inflammatory activity accelerates the production of skin cells.
• Genetics: Family history can increase susceptibility.
• Infections: Certain infections may trigger flare-ups in susceptible individuals.
• Stress: Emotional stress may worsen symptoms in some people.
• Skin injuries: Cuts, burns or other skin damage can trigger patches in some individuals.
• Certain medicines: Some medications may aggravate psoriasis; patients should consult their doctor rather than stopping prescribed treatment themselves.

Symptoms of Psoriasis

• Red, pink, brown or darker patches of skin, depending on skin tone.
• White or silvery scales on affected areas.
• Itching, burning, soreness or cracked skin.
• Changes in fingernails or toenails, including pitting or separation from the nail bed.
• Joint pain, swelling or stiffness in people who develop psoriatic arthritis.

Treatment and Management

• Topical treatments: Creams and ointments may help reduce inflammation and scaling.
• Phototherapy: Controlled exposure to specific types of ultraviolet light may be recommended for some patients.
• Oral or injectable medicines: Doctors may prescribe systemic treatments or biologic medicines for moderate to severe disease.
• Skin care: Moisturisers can help reduce dryness and cracking.
• Medical follow-up: Regular consultations help monitor symptoms, treatment response and possible joint involvement.

Significance of World Psoriasis Day

• Awareness: Improves public understanding of psoriasis and its symptoms.
• Stigma reduction: Challenges misconceptions that psoriasis is contagious or caused by poor hygiene.
• Mental well-being: Recognises the emotional and social difficulties that visible skin conditions can create.
• Early diagnosis: Encourages people with persistent symptoms to seek medical advice.
• Access to treatment: Highlights the need for affordable, appropriate and timely healthcare.
• Youth inclusion: Encourages young people living with psoriasis to share their experiences and seek support.

Challenges Faced by People Living with Psoriasis

• Social stigma: Misconceptions may lead to discrimination or social exclusion.
• Mental health: Visible symptoms may contribute to anxiety, low self-esteem or isolation.
• Delayed diagnosis: Symptoms may be mistaken for other skin conditions.
• Treatment access: Cost and availability can affect continuity of care.
• Chronic nature: Symptoms may improve and flare up again over time.
•  Joint complications: Psoriatic arthritis may require early diagnosis and treatment.

FAQs

International Internet Day 2026: History, Significance, Digital India and Internet Safety

Why in news?

• International Internet Day is observed on 29 October every year.
• The day commemorates the first message transmitted over ARPANET on 29 October 1969, an important milestone in the development of the modern internet.

Key Facts

What is the Internet?

• The internet is a global network of interconnected computer networks that communicate using standard protocols.
• It allows users to exchange information, communicate, access services and share digital resources across geographical boundaries.
• It supports email, websites, video calls, online banking, e-commerce, digital education and e-governance.
• The internet is the underlying network, while the World Wide Web (WWW) is a service that operates over it.

History of the Internet

Significance of the Internet

• Communication: Enables instant messaging, email, video conferencing and global collaboration.
• Education: Expands access to online courses, digital libraries and learning resources.
• Economy: Supports e-commerce, digital payments, online businesses and remote work.
• Governance: Enables digital public services, online applications and access to government information.
• Healthcare: Supports telemedicine, digital health records and remote consultations.
• Research: Facilitates information sharing and international scientific cooperation.

Major Government Initiatives

Challenges 

• Digital divide: Unequal access due to location, income, devices or connectivity
• Cybercrime: Online fraud, phishing, identity theft and hacking
• Misinformation: False or misleading content spreads rapidly online
• Privacy risks: Personal data may be collected or misused
• Digital literacy: Users may lack the skills to identify risks or use services safely
• Internet disruptions: Network failures or shutdowns can affect communication and services
• Online addiction: Excessive use can affect productivity, sleep and well-being

FAQs

DAC Defence Procurement 2026 of ₹2.12 Lakh Crore: Importance of 82% procurement, Defence Indigenisation Initiatives

Why in news?

The Defence Acquisition Council approved capital acquisition proposals worth approximately ₹2.12 lakh crore on 26 October 2026.

Key Facts

What is the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC)?

• It is the Ministry of Defence's apex decision-making body for major defence capital acquisitions.
• It was established in 2001 following the recommendations of the Group of Ministers on national security after the Kargil conflict.
• Its principal role is to facilitate the acquisition of military equipment and capabilities required by the armed forces, while supporting defence preparedness, procurement planning and indigenisation.

Major Defence Procurement Proposals

• Indian Army: Mobility, Firepower and Drone Warfare
  • The Army's approved proposals focus on improving the mobility of troops, artillery capabilities, protection against aerial threats and battlefield surveillance.
  • High Mobility Vehicles (HMVs): These vehicles are intended to improve troop movement, transportation of supplies and logistical support in difficult terrain, including operationally challenging areas.
  • Self-Propelled Tracked Gun System: A mobile artillery capability designed to provide mechanised formations with greater mobility and firepower.
  • Light Multi-Role Helicopters (LMRH): These helicopters are intended for use by both the Army and the Air Force in reconnaissance, surveillance, combat support, troop search and rescue, and humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR).
  • Very Short-Range Air Defence System (VSHORADS): Designed to engage small, low-altitude aerial threats, these systems can contribute to the protection of troops and military assets against emerging air threats.
  • Platform-Based Counter-UAS System: Counter-Unmanned Aerial Systems (C-UAS) are intended to counter hostile drones and improve the survivability of tanks on the modern battlefield.
  • Surveillance and Strike Drone Systems: The proposals include a long-range Unmanned Aerial System, surveillance UAVs, an Integrated Surveillance and Strike System and a Long-Range Kamikaze Drone System.
• Indian Navy: Protection Against Anti-Ship Missiles
  • The DAC approved procurement proposals for an Active Offboard Decoy System and other major naval platforms. 
  • The AODS is intended to strengthen the Navy's anti-missile defence, particularly against modern anti-ship missiles.
  • An offboard decoy is deployed away from the protected ship to divert or confuse an incoming missile's targeting system. 
  • An active decoy can use an emitted or generated signal to imitate or manipulate the target's signature, depending on the system's design.
  • The operational significance is that naval vessels face threats from increasingly sophisticated anti-ship missiles. 
  • Decoy systems can form one layer of a ship's wider defensive architecture, alongside detection, electronic warfare and other defensive measures.
• Indian Air Force: Air Defence, Helicopters and Weather Surveillance
  • Helicopters and Air Transport: The proposals include Special Utility Helicopters to meet important air transport requirements, along with other helicopter procurement proposals.
  • Air Defence Systems and Weapons: The proposed acquisitions are intended to improve the Air Force's air-defence capabilities and overall war-fighting preparedness.
  • Mobile X-Band Doppler Weather Radar System: This system will provide high-resolution, localised weather surveillance in forward areas, helping improve the availability of weather information for operational planning.

What is Acceptance of Necessity (AoN)?

• An in-principle administrative approval for a proposed defence acquisition.
• It establishes that the procurement requirement can proceed to subsequent stages under the applicable acquisition framework.
• It is essential to distinguish AoN from a signed procurement contract.

Defence procurement: Simplified sequence

• Identification of military requirement
• Acceptance of Necessity (AoN)
• In-principle administrative approval
• Detailed procurement process
• Tender or request for proposal, as applicable; technical evaluation and trials where required
• Commercial evaluation and contract negotiations
• Contract award, production and delivery

Why is the 82% Domestic Procurement share important?

• Defence indigenisation: Domestic sourcing can encourage Indian manufacturers to develop and produce military equipment, components and supporting technologies.
• Reduced import dependence: Greater domestic capacity can reduce exposure to external supply disruptions, export restrictions and geopolitical uncertainties. However, the degree of import reduction depends on the actual indigenous content and supply chains of each system.
• Technology development: Defence production can support engineering, electronics, sensors, communications, aerospace, robotics and materials research.
• Employment and industrial development: Procurement may create opportunities for skilled employment and for micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) participating in defence supply chains.
• Maintenance and lifecycle support: Local manufacturing and technical capabilities can improve access to repairs, spare parts, upgrades and long-term equipment support.
• Strategic autonomy: A stronger domestic industrial base can improve India's ability to sustain military operations without excessive dependence on foreign suppliers.

India's Defence Indigenisation Initiatives

Significance for India's National Security

• Preparedness for modern warfare: The proposals reflects the growing importance of combining conventional military strength with modern sensors, drones and electronic systems.
• Strengthening border operations: High-mobility vehicles, helicopters, surveillance platforms and short-range air defence systems can support operations in difficult terrain. 
• Countering emerging aerial threats: Small drones and unmanned systems have become important tools for surveillance, reconnaissance and attack. 
• Enhancing maritime security: The proposed naval decoy systems and other naval platforms can strengthen the Navy's ability to protect vessels and sustain operations in a maritime environment where anti-ship missiles pose a serious threat.
• Promoting joint operational capabilities: Effective coordination among the three services can improve operational support and resource utilisation.

Challenges in India's Defence Procurement

• Procurement delays: Complex technical assessments, trials, negotiations and contracting can extend the time between initial approval and delivery.
• Cost and time overruns: Changes in specifications, supply-chain disruptions and development difficulties can increase costs or delay induction.
• Quality and reliability: Military equipment must meet demanding performance, safety and reliability standards under varied operational conditions.
• Integration across services: Equipment must work effectively with existing communications, surveillance, command-and-control and weapon systems.
• Industrial capacity: Domestic firms must possess adequate production capacity and skilled manpower to meet defence requirements without compromising quality.

FAQs

All Coral Reef Ecosystems May Collapse by 2075: IUCN Report, Causes, Impacts and Conservation

Why in news?

On 22 October 2026, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) released a global assessment warning that virtually all assessed shallow-water coral reef ecosystems face a high risk of collapse over the coming decades.

Key Facts

What are Coral Reefs?

• Underwater ecosystems built primarily by colonies of tiny marine animals called coral polyps.
• Many reef-building corals live in a symbiotic relationship with microscopic algae, commonly known as zooxanthellae.
• The algae provide much of the energy required by corals through photosynthesis, while the corals provide shelter and access to nutrients.
• Over time, corals deposit calcium carbonate, forming complex reef structures that provide habitats for fish, crustaceans, molluscs and numerous other marine organisms.
• Coral reefs are often called the “rainforests of the sea” because of their high biodiversity.

Why are Coral Reefs at risk of collapse by 2075?

• Rising Ocean Temperatures
  • Corals survive within a suitable range of environmental conditions.
  • Prolonged unusually high sea temperatures can disrupt their relationship with symbiotic algae.
  • Corals may expel these algae, causing them to lose colour and turn white. This process is called coral bleaching.
  • Severe or repeated bleaching can cause coral mortality and reduce the ability of reefs to recover.
• Ocean Acidification
  • Oceans absorb a substantial amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
  • When carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater, it changes ocean chemistry and lowers pH.
  • This process reduces the availability of carbonate ions needed by many marine organisms to build calcium carbonate structures.
• Pollution and Declining Water Quality
  • Untreated sewage, agricultural runoff, industrial discharges, plastics and sediment can damage coral reefs.
  • Excess nutrients may encourage algal growth, while sediment can cover coral surfaces and interfere with feeding and growth.
  • Poor water quality can weaken reefs and make recovery after bleaching more difficult.
• Overfishing and Destructive Fishing
  • Overfishing can disturb reef food webs and reduce the populations of species that help maintain ecological balance.
  • The removal of herbivorous fish may allow algae to spread across reef surfaces.
  • Destructive fishing practices can directly damage coral structures and reduce biodiversity.
• Coastal Development and Tourism Pressure
  • Dredging, construction, anchoring and poorly managed coastal development can physically damage reefs.
  • Inadequate wastewater management and sediment runoff can increase environmental stress.

What does Ecosystem collapse mean?

• Occurs when an ecosystem loses the defining characteristics that allow it to function in its existing form.
• In coral reefs, this may involve widespread loss of reef-building corals, degradation of reef structures and changes in the communities dependent on them.
• As hard corals decline, algae, rubble and other organisms may increasingly dominate the habitat.
• Fish and invertebrates that depend on complex coral structures may lose food, shelter and breeding grounds.

Major Coral Reef Systems at Risk

• Great Barrier Reef, Australia: The world’s largest coral reef system and a major centre of marine biodiversity.
• Coral Triangle: A highly bio diverse marine region spanning parts of Southeast Asia and the western Pacific.
• Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System: A major reef system along parts of the Caribbean coast of Central America.
• Red Sea coral reefs: Important reef habitats supporting diverse marine life.

Impact on India’s Coral Reefs

• India has four principal coral reef regions Gulf of Mannar, Gulf of Kachchh, Lakshadweep Islands and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 
• These reefs support marine biodiversity, fisheries, tourism and coastal livelihoods. 

Government Initiatives for Coral Reef Conservation in India

• Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
  • The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change stated in a February 2026 parliamentary reply that coral species are listed under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
• Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2019
  • Issued under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
  • Includes provisions for the conservation and management of ecologically sensitive coastal areas, including coral reefs.
  • Regulates activities that may damage fragile coastal ecosystems.
• National Coastal Mission
  • Part of the National Coastal Management Programme.
  • Coral reef development, management and restoration are among its identified activities.
  • A project titled “Development of Corals and its Management” was sanctioned for implementation in Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands by the National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management (NCSCM), in collaboration with the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), according to the Ministry’s February 2026 parliamentary reply.
• Coral Bleaching Alert System
  • The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, provides coral bleaching alert services.
  • It uses satellite data, buoys and oceanographic models to monitor sea-surface temperatures, marine heat waves and related ocean conditions.
• Coral Reef Monitoring and Restoration
  • The Ministry of Earth Sciences has identified work by NCSCM, the Space Applications Centre of ISRO, the National Centre for Coastal Research and the Zoological Survey of India in this area.
  • These activities help researchers assess reef health and identify conservation priorities.

Global Initiatives for Coral Reef Conservation

• International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI)
  • Promotes the conservation and sustainable use of coral reefs and related ecosystems.
  • Encourages governments and other stakeholders to coordinate conservation action.
  • Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN)
  • Coordinates coral reef monitoring and publishes global assessments of reef status and trends.
  • Provides evidence on changes in coral cover, bleaching and environmental pressures.
• IUCN Red List of Ecosystems
  • Assesses the risk of ecosystem collapse rather than focusing only on individual species.
  • The October 2026 assessment combines historical observations, current conditions and future climate projections to evaluate coral reef risks.
• Paris Agreement
  • Provides an international framework for limiting global warming through national climate commitments and collective action.
  • Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is essential to limiting Future Ocean warming and the associated risks to coral reefs.

Significance of Coral Reefs

• Marine biodiversity: Provide habitat, feeding grounds and breeding areas for a wide range of marine species.
• Coastal protection: Reef structures dissipate wave energy and can reduce coastal erosion and storm-wave impacts.
• Food security: Support fisheries and provide food and livelihoods to coastal communities.
• Economic importance: Support tourism, recreation, fishing and associated employment.

Challenges in Coral Reef Conservation

• Global climate change: Local conservation cannot fully offset prolonged ocean warming driven by global greenhouse gas emissions
• Limits of restoration: Coral nurseries and transplantation need time, funding and favourable environmental conditions.
• Coastal development: Infrastructure, shipping, tourism and fishing may damage reefs if poorly managed.
• Pollution: Sewage, agricultural runoff, plastics and sediment weaken coral ecosystems.
• Repeated bleaching: Frequent heat stress can leave insufficient time for reefs to recover between bleaching events.

FAQs

Nelakondapalli Buddhist Stupa: Telangana Plans International Buddhist Heritage and Tourism Destination

Why in News?

• The Telangana government has announced plans to develop the historic Nelakondapalli Buddhist Stupa, located in Khammam district, into an international Buddhist heritage and tourism destination.
• The initiative aims to preserve the site's archaeological heritage, improve tourism facilities and promote Telangana as an important destination for Buddhist cultural tourism. 

About Nelakondapalli Buddhist Site

Nelakondapalli is an important archaeological site associated with the spread and development of Buddhism in the Deccan region. The site contains the remains of a large Buddhist Mahastupa, monastic establishments and several ancient structures.

The Khammam district administration records that the historic settlement is surrounded by an earthen fortification covering nearly 100 acres. 

Historical Background of Nelakondapalli

1. An Ancient Buddhist Settlement

• Nelakondapalli emerged as an important centre of Buddhist activity in the Deccan during the early historic period.
• Archaeological remains indicate that the settlement was occupied across several historical phases.
• The site provides evidence of the development of Buddhist institutions and religious architecture in present-day Telangana.

2. Association with Ancient Dynasties

The archaeological remains of Nelakondapalli reflect the influence of different ruling dynasties that shaped the cultural and religious history of the Deccan.

Excavated coins and archaeological layers particularly establish connections with the Ikshvaku and Vishnukundin periods. 

3. Archaeological Excavations

• Nelakondapalli gained archaeological importance following excavations carried out during the late 20th century.
• According to the Khammam district administration, the Buddhist site was identified in 1984. Subsequent archaeological investigations revealed a large Mahastupa, brick structures and various cultural objects.
• The excavated antiquities provide evidence of religious practices, sculpture, architecture and everyday life in ancient Telangana. Several objects recovered from the site were transferred to the State Museum in Hyderabad for preservation. 

Major Archaeological Discoveries at Nelakondapalli

The Mahastupa is the principal archaeological attraction of Nelakondapalli. Its design reflects the development of Buddhist religious architecture in ancient South India.

Key Features of the Proposed Heritage Development Project

The Telangana government aims to develop the site into an internationally recognised Buddhist tourism destination while maintaining its archaeological authenticity.

Significance of Nelakondapalli Buddhist Site

1. Historical and Archaeological Importance: The site provides valuable evidence of Buddhist architecture and religious practices in ancient South India. Its monuments and antiquities help historians understand the cultural development of the Deccan.
2. Spread of Buddhism in Southern India: The presence of stupas and monasteries indicates that Buddhism established important religious centres beyond the Gangetic plains, particularly in the Deccan region.
3. Buddhist Art and Architecture: Sculptures, miniature stupas and architectural remains demonstrate the development of Buddhist artistic traditions during the early centuries CE.
4. International Buddhist Tourism: The proposed development could help connect Telangana with Buddhist pilgrimage and cultural tourism networks involving countries such as Thailand, Cambodia and Sri Lanka.
5. Local Economic Development: Improved tourism infrastructure could generate employment opportunities in hospitality, transportation, handicrafts and related services.

Major Buddhist Heritage Sites in Telangana

Challenges in Heritage Conservation

• Structural deterioration: Ancient brick monuments are vulnerable to weathering, vegetation growth and environmental damage.
• Tourism pressure: Unregulated visitor movement can damage fragile archaeological remains.
• Infrastructure development: Construction near protected remains requires careful archaeological assessment.
• Conservation funding: Long-term preservation requires continuous financial and technical support.
• Community participation: Local residents must be involved in tourism planning and heritage protection.

Way Forward

• The development of Nelakondapalli should adopt an integrated approach that combines scientific conservation with sustainable tourism.
• Priority measures include preparing a comprehensive archaeological conservation plan, improving visitor facilities outside sensitive excavation areas, using digital interpretation technologies, establishing regular maintenance systems and ensuring community participation.
• International cooperation with Buddhist cultural institutions could further promote the site while safeguarding its historical authenticity.

Conclusion

• The proposed development of the Nelakondapalli Buddhist Stupa represents an important step towards preserving Telangana's Buddhist heritage and strengthening cultural tourism.
• The archaeological remains highlight the historical spread of Buddhism in the Deccan and the region's contribution to ancient Indian art and architecture. Scientific conservation, responsible tourism and local participation will be essential for transforming Nelakondapalli into an international heritage destination without compromising its archaeological significance.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Climate Trends Report 2026: India's Green Cover Declined by 5.6 Percentage Points in 25 Years

Why in News?

• India's green cover decreased from 36.95% in 2001 to 31.35% in 2025.
• Non-green land increased from 63.05% to 68.65% during the same period.
• Green-covered areas recorded summer temperatures approximately 1°C to 2.5°C lower than non-green areas.
• Regions experiencing green-cover loss showed an average summer temperature increase of 0.26°C.

Key Findings of the Climate Trends Report 2026

1. Decline in India's Green Cover

2. Increase in Summer Temperatures

• Non-green landscapes were consistently warmer than vegetation-covered areas.
• The average temperature difference ranged between 1°C and 2.5°C.
• Areas that lost green cover experienced an average summer temperature increase of 0.26°C.
• Both green and non-green areas experienced warming, indicating the influence of broader climate change.

3. Regional Variation in Green Cover

Summer warming was particularly prominent in northern and northwestern India. Some parts of central and southern India experienced localised cooling.

How Does Green Cover Reduce Temperatures?

Vegetation moderates temperatures through several natural processes.

• Evapotranspiration: Plants absorb water through their roots and release water vapour through their leaves. This process uses heat energy and helps cool the surrounding environment.
• Shading: Trees prevent direct solar radiation from reaching the ground, reducing surface heating.
• Moisture Retention: Vegetated soils generally retain more moisture than exposed, dry surfaces, helping moderate local temperatures.
• Carbon Sequestration: Plants absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, contributing to long-term climate change mitigation.

Technology Used in the Study

MODIS instruments operate aboard NASA's Terra and Aqua satellites. ERA5-Land is a land-focused reanalysis dataset produced through the Copernicus Climate Change Service.

Significance of Green Cover for India

1. Climate Change Adaptation: Green cover provides natural protection against extreme temperatures and helps reduce local heat stress. Protecting existing vegetation can strengthen India's resilience to climate change.
2. Biodiversity Conservation: Forests and other vegetated habitats support wildlife, maintain ecological balance and provide essential ecosystem services.
3. Public Health: Green spaces can reduce exposure to extreme heat, particularly for elderly people, children and outdoor workers.
4. Agricultural Sustainability: Vegetation helps maintain soil moisture, limits erosion and supports water conservation, which are important for agricultural productivity.
5. Economic Significance: Rising temperatures can reduce labour productivity, increase electricity demand and affect economic activity.

Major Challenges

• Urbanisation: Expansion of built-up areas can reduce natural vegetation and increase heat absorption.
• Deforestation and Land Degradation: Loss of natural vegetation weakens ecological resilience.
• Climate Change: Rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns increase pressure on ecosystems.
• Water Scarcity: Reduced soil moisture and water availability can affect vegetation growth.
• Inadequate Urban Planning: Limited green spaces and excessive concrete surfaces can intensify the Urban Heat Island Effect.
• Restoration Challenges: Planting trees without considering native species, water availability and local ecology may reduce restoration effectiveness.

Government Initiatives Related to Green Cover

Way Forward

• Protect existing vegetation: Conservation of established forests and natural ecosystems should receive priority, particularly in regions facing vegetation loss and extreme heat.
• Promote native species: Ecological restoration should focus on locally suitable trees, shrubs, grasslands and other vegetation.
• Strengthen urban green infrastructure: Cities should incorporate urban forests, green corridors, parks and shaded public spaces into development plans.
• Use satellite-based monitoring: MODIS and other geospatial technologies can help identify vegetation loss and guide targeted restoration.
• Integrate vegetation into Heat Action Plans: Local authorities should prioritise vegetation restoration in areas exposed to severe heat stress.

Conclusion

• The Climate Trends Report 2026 highlights a close relationship between declining green cover and rising summer temperatures across India. The reduction of green-covered land by 5.6 percentage points between 2001 and 2025 underlines the need for stronger vegetation conservation and ecological restoration.
• India must recognise green cover not only as a biodiversity resource but also as essential natural climate-adaptation infrastructure. Protecting existing vegetation, restoring degraded landscapes and improving urban planning can help reduce heat stress and strengthen long-term environmental sustainability.

FAQs

India’s Indigenous Unmanned Surface Vessel (USV): A New Milestone in Naval Self-Reliance

Why in News?

• India has achieved an important milestone in naval technology by developing indigenous Unmanned Surface Vessels (USVs).
• Developed by Sagar Defence Engineering, these vessels can strengthen the Indian Navy’s surveillance, reconnaissance, and special operations capabilities.
• The vessels were showcased at the Indian Navy’s Swavlamban innovation and indigenisation programme in Delhi.
• This development is significant at a time when unmanned systems are transforming naval warfare in regions such as the Black Sea and the Red Sea.

What Is an Unmanned Surface Vessel (USV)?

• An Unmanned Surface Vessel (USV) is a watercraft that operates without a crew on board.
• It can be controlled remotely or operate autonomously with the help of suitable onboard systems.
• It may be equipped with sensors, cameras, navigation systems, and other mission-specific equipment.
• Its major applications include maritime surveillance, reconnaissance, coastal security, identification of suspicious vessels, force protection, and support for special operations.
• Armed USVs can also be used for targeted military operations when equipped with appropriate weapon systems.

Sagar Defence Engineering

• Sagar Defence Engineering was established in 2015 by Captain Nikunj Parashar and his co-founders.
• The company develops autonomous boats, unmanned systems, and drone technologies for the Indian Armed Forces, particularly the Indian Navy.
• Its growth highlights the increasing role of private companies, startups, and indigenous research in India's defence sector.
• According to reports, the company has started supplying 12 armed Unmanned Surface Vessels to the Indian Navy under an iDEX-Sprint contract. These include its signature vessel, Matangi.

Key Features of the Matangi USV

• High-speed interceptor vessels such as Matangi are designed for surveillance and offensive operations. According to reports, they feature a 12.7 mm stabilised remote-controlled gun system, advanced electro-optical and radar tracking, and anti-jamming GPS navigation.
• They can be used for patrolling shallow waters, monitoring suspicious activities, and supporting special operations when required.
• Some vessels have reportedly been deployed by the Indian Army for patrolling at Pangong Tso Lake in eastern Ladakh.
• The company also develops multi-purpose quadcopters and hexacopter drones. In addition, it has worked with Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) on the development and introduction of the Point Blank precision-strike system in India.

Significance of the Swavlamban Exhibition

• The Indian Navy’s Swavlamban initiative aims to promote innovation, indigenous technology, and domestic manufacturing in the defence sector.
• It encourages collaboration between the Navy, defence industries, startups, and research institutions.
• Other companies also showcased unmanned maritime systems and related technologies at the exhibition.
• Zen Technologies presented a prototype of a multi-purpose autonomous surface vessel, while C14 showcased its Tandav autonomous vessel platform and AquaScan system for underwater vision for divers.
• The space-sector company GalaxEye presented a satellite-based maritime surveillance solution.
• These initiatives highlight India's growing emphasis on integrating vessels, sensors, artificial intelligence, satellites, and communication systems to strengthen maritime security.

Strategic Significance of USVs for India

• Enhanced Maritime Surveillance: Unmanned vessels can improve surveillance of India's maritime zones and important sea routes.
• Reduced Risk to Personnel: Deploying unmanned vessels in high-risk areas can reduce the danger to naval personnel.
• Faster Military Response: High-speed interceptor vessels can assist in identifying and monitoring suspicious boats and supporting appropriate responses.
• Security of the Indian Ocean Region: USVs can improve the monitoring of maritime trade routes, ports, and strategically important sea areas.
• Defence Self-Reliance: Indigenous development can reduce dependence on foreign technology, promote domestic manufacturing, and create opportunities for future defence exports.
• Promotion of Technological Innovation: Private-sector and startup participation can encourage research in artificial intelligence, autonomous navigation, sensors, and marine robotics.

Major Challenges

• The expansion of unmanned maritime systems presents several technological and operational challenges.
• These include cyberattacks, communication disruptions, GPS jamming, operations in adverse weather, and ensuring sensor reliability under challenging maritime conditions.
• Integration with existing naval platforms, maintenance, cost, testing, and large-scale production are also important concerns.
• The use of armed autonomous systems requires clear accountability and compliance with international humanitarian law.

Way Forward

• India should increase investment in secure communications, cybersecurity, indigenous sensors, artificial intelligence, and reliable navigation systems.
• Collaboration among the Indian Navy, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), private industries, and startups should be strengthened.
• Testing under real maritime conditions, regular maintenance, skilled human resources, and clear operational standards are essential.
• Unmanned vessels should be developed as complementary assets to conventional warships, maritime patrol aircraft, and satellite-based surveillance systems.

Practice Question

Changes in E100 Fuel Regulations

Why in the News?

• The Central Government has amended the Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989.
• The objective is to facilitate the introduction of vehicles capable of running on fuels containing up to E100, i.e., nearly pure ethanol.
• The amendment will help facilitate the certification of flex-fuel vehicles under the applicable regulatory framework.

Key Changes and Provisions

1. Amendments to Rules 115 and 115E

• In the emission standards and testing provisions, “E85” has been replaced with “E85 or E100.”
• This will make it easier to certify vehicles designed to run on fuels containing up to 100% ethanol.

2. Increase in the Weight Limit

• The Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) limit for light petrol and diesel vehicles has been increased from 3,000 kg to 3,500 kg.

3. Applicable Only to Flex-Fuel Vehicles

• The provision applies only to flex-fuel vehicles specifically designed and certified for E100 or E85.
• Older and existing conventional petrol vehicles, including those designed for E20, cannot automatically use E100 or E85 fuel.

What Is Flex-Fuel?

• Flex-fuel refers to fuel technology that allows a vehicle to operate on petrol–ethanol blends in different proportions.
• Petrol is produced by refining crude oil.
• Ethanol is a type of alcohol that can be produced from sugars or starches obtained from sugarcane, grains, and other plants.
• In India, the major sources of ethanol production are sugarcane and grains.
• Ethanol can also be produced from agricultural residues.

Difference Between E20, E85 and E100

E20

• 20% ethanol + approximately 80% petrol
• It contains a higher proportion of petrol.

E85

• 85% ethanol + approximately 15% petrol
• It contains a very high proportion of ethanol.

E100

• Approximately 100% ethanol
• The vehicle must be compatible with this fuel in order to use it.

How Does a Flex-Fuel Vehicle Work?

• A flex-fuel vehicle can run on different permitted blends of petrol and ethanol.
• Its engine and electronic systems can adjust their operation according to the ethanol content in the fuel.
• The engine, fuel pump, pipes, seals, and fuel-injection system must be designed to handle the relevant ethanol blends.
• The Engine Control Module (ECM) must also be calibrated to ensure that the engine operates properly with different fuel compositions.

Can Vehicles Run Safely on E100?

• Vehicles can run safely on E100, but only if they are specifically designed and certified for it.
• Ethanol and petrol have different properties. Therefore, modifications to the engine and fuel system may be necessary.

(i) Fuel Consumption and Mileage

• Ethanol contains less energy per litre than petrol.
• Consequently, more ethanol may be required to cover the same distance or produce equivalent power.
• According to the US Department of Energy, E100 contains approximately 30% less energy per gallon than petrol.
• Therefore, a vehicle running on E100 may deliver lower mileage.

(ii) Fuel System Safety

• High ethanol concentrations can affect certain metals, plastics, rubber components, and seals.
• Therefore, fuel pumps, pipes, seals, and injectors must be compatible with ethanol.

(iii) Electronic Engine Control

• Engine sensors and the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) must regulate the air–fuel mixture according to the fuel composition.
• Appropriate calibration is also necessary to ensure reliable starting and operation under different temperature conditions.

Advantages of Ethanol

• Ethanol has a high octane rating, which can help reduce engine knocking, a problem associated with uncontrolled or abnormal combustion.
• An engine specifically designed for ethanol can make better use of this property.

Why Is Ethanol Blended with Petrol?

1. Reducing Dependence on Crude Oil Imports

• India imports a substantial proportion of its crude oil requirements from other countries.
• Blending domestically produced ethanol with petrol can replace a portion of the fossil fuel used in transport.
• This can help reduce the country's dependence on imported crude oil.

2. Benefits for Farmers and Domestic Industries

• Ethanol can be produced from sugarcane, grains, and agricultural residues.
• This can provide farmers with additional opportunities to sell their produce.
• Industries associated with ethanol production can also receive a boost.
• Thus, ethanol blending can support energy security and domestic production.

Concerns Associated with Ethanol-Blended Fuels

(i) Mileage and Cost

• Since ethanol contains less energy per litre, vehicles running on fuels with higher ethanol content may cover a shorter distance per litre.
• Therefore, it is not sufficient to compare fuel prices per litre alone.
• The cost per kilometre driven must also be considered.

(ii) Not Suitable for All Vehicles

• Some components in older or conventional petrol vehicles may not be compatible with high ethanol concentrations.
• Special modifications to the engine and fuel system may be required to use fuels containing high proportions of ethanol.

(iii) Impact on Water Resources and Agriculture

• Certain crops, such as sugarcane, require substantial quantities of water.
• Large-scale ethanol production can increase demand for land, water, and agricultural produce.
• If food crops are increasingly diverted towards fuel production, competition may arise between food production and fuel production.
• Using additional land for energy crops may also affect biodiversity.
• The environmental benefits of ethanol depend on how it is cultivated, produced, and transported.

Will Ethanol Completely Eliminate Pollution?

• Ethanol can help reduce certain types of pollution under specific conditions, but it cannot eliminate pollution entirely.
• Ethanol blending may reduce carbon monoxide and other harmful emissions in some circumstances.
• It can also reduce dependence on petrol and crude oil.
• However, vehicles continue to produce emissions during operation.
• Ethanol production can also affect the environment through agriculture, fertiliser use, water consumption, electricity consumption, and transportation.
• Therefore, the actual environmental benefits of ethanol should be assessed on the basis of total life-cycle emissions, from production to final use, rather than vehicle exhaust emissions alone.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Ebola Vaccine Trial in DR Congo: Bundibugyo Virus, TUMAINI Clinical Trial, Working and Significance of Trial

Why in news?

On 23 October 2026, the first participant was vaccinated in the TUMAINI Phase 2/3 clinical trial in Bunia, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Key Facts 

What is Ebola Disease?

• A serious infectious disease caused by viruses belonging to the Orthoebolavirus genus. 
• It can cause severe illness, including fever, weakness, vomiting, diarrhoea and, in some cases, internal or external bleeding. 
• Transmission generally occurs through direct contact with the blood or other body fluids of an infected person who is symptomatic, or through contaminated materials. 
• Early diagnosis, isolation, appropriate medical care, infection prevention and community cooperation are essential to controlling outbreaks.
• The WHO identifies four Ebola virus species known to cause disease in humans:

What is the Bundibugyo Virus outbreak?

• The current outbreak was declared in the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 15 May 2026. 
• According to the WHO's update published on 23 October 2026, the outbreak had resulted in 9,704 confirmed cases and 4,687 deaths in DR Congo as of 20 October 2026. 
• By 20 October, Kenya had reported imported cases, and Nigeria had confirmed an imported case. 
• The WHO has emphasised surveillance, contact tracing, preparedness and coordination between neighbouring countries. 
• Several factors complicate the response:
  • Delayed identification of infections and access to treatment.
  • Difficulties in tracking contacts across large or remote areas.
  • Insecurity and humanitarian challenges.
  • Movement of people across national borders.
• The absence of an approved vaccine specifically for Bundibugyo virus disease.

What is the TUMAINI Clinical Trial?

• Ervebo-the first candidate: A licensed vaccine against Ebola virus disease caused by the Ebola virus species. Its effectiveness against Bundibugyo virus in humans remains unproven. 
• Oxford-Serum Institute candidate: A Bundibugyo-specific vaccine candidate using the ChAdOx1 adenoviral-vector platform is being developed by the University of Oxford in collaboration with the Serum Institute of India. Preparations are underway for its inclusion in the trial.
• Moderna candidate: A second Bundibugyo-specific candidate, developed by Moderna using mRNA technology, is also being prepared for evaluation. Its inclusion will depend on the research and regulatory process. 

How does the trial work?

Step 1: Identify cases and contacts

Health teams identify confirmed cases and trace people who may have been exposed to the virus.

Step 2: Focus on high-risk contacts

Ring vaccination targets contacts of confirmed cases and other eligible high-risk contacts, according to the approved trial protocol.

Step 3: Evaluate vaccine candidates

Researchers assess safety, immune responses and the ability of vaccines to prevent disease.

Step 4: Use the evidence

Findings can guide future decisions on vaccine effectiveness, safety and public-health policy.

Why is the trial significant?

• Potential to save lives: If an effective vaccine is identified, it could help protect people at risk and strengthen the response to current and future Bundibugyo virus outbreaks.
• Evidence-based vaccine policy: A vaccine's effectiveness against one virus does not establish its effectiveness against another. The trial can help replace uncertainty with clinical evidence, supporting better-informed vaccination decisions. 
• Faster vaccine development: The adaptive platform approach can help evaluate multiple candidates through a shared framework. It may also support the development of vaccines specifically designed for Bundibugyo virus.
• Stronger African research capacity: The trial is led by DR Congo's national health authorities and involves Congolese research institutions alongside international partners. It illustrates the importance of locally led scientific research during public-health emergencies. 

Government Initiatives and International Cooperation

• DR Congo Ministry of Health: Provides national leadership and oversight.
• World Health Organization (WHO): Provides technical guidance, scientific support and assistance with outbreak response.
• Africa CDC: Supports regional coordination and African-led research.
• Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI): Supports the development and evaluation of vaccine candidates.
• Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB) and University of Antwerp: Co-lead and co-sponsor the trial.
• Serum Institute of India and University of Oxford: Collaborate on a Bundibugyo-specific vaccine candidate.

Major Challenges

• Scientific uncertainty: Ervebo's protection against Bundibugyo virus in humans is not yet established.
• Speed versus safety: Rapid research must retain rigorous testing and ethical oversight
• Contact tracing: Missed contacts can undermine ring vaccination and outbreak surveillance.
• Public trust: Misinformation and distrust can reduce participation in vaccination and research.
• Healthcare access: Remote areas and insecurity can make treatment and follow-up difficult.

FAQs

Kufri Jamunia: India's New Biofortified Purple Potato

Why in News?

• On October 18, 2026, the Press Information Bureau highlighted the nutritional and agricultural benefits of Kufri Jamunia.
• The variety contains higher levels of vitamin C, iron and zinc than the conventional potato used for comparison.
• Its purple skin and flesh contain anthocyanins, natural plant compounds known for their antioxidant properties.

What is Hidden Hunger?

Hidden hunger is a form of malnutrition in which a person consumes sufficient calories but does not receive adequate essential vitamins and minerals.

• It is mainly associated with deficiencies of micronutrients such as iron, zinc, iodine, vitamin A and vitamin B12.
• It can affect immunity, physical growth, cognitive development and overall health.
• Children, pregnant women and other nutritionally vulnerable groups may face greater health risks.
• Improving dietary diversity, access to nutritious foods, supplementation and food fortification are important measures to address this problem.

What is Kufri Jamunia?

Kufri Jamunia is a biofortified potato variety developed by ICAR-CPRI, Shimla, to improve the nutritional quality of potatoes through conventional plant breeding.

How Was Kufri Jamunia Developed?

• Scientists at ICAR-CPRI crossed two potato breeding lines, MS/8-1148 and CP4242, in 2015.
• MS/8-1148 was selected for its higher vitamin C content, while CP4242 contributed purple skin and flesh.
• The resulting breeding line, MSP/16-307, was evaluated for nutritional quality, productivity and other agricultural characteristics.
• Multi-location trials were conducted during 2021–2023, and the variety was approved and notified in 2024.

This variety was developed through conventional cross-breeding, not genetic engineering.

What is Biofortification?

• Biofortification is the process of improving the nutritional content of food crops during their growth through plant breeding or other agricultural techniques.
• Its main objective is to increase the availability of essential nutrients, especially vitamins and minerals, in commonly consumed foods.

Difference between Biofortification and Food Fortification

Nutritional Composition of Kufri Jamunia

According to the Press Information Bureau, Kufri Jamunia contains higher concentrations of several nutrients compared with conventional yellow-skinned potatoes.

Source: PIB, October 18, 2026. Figures represent reported nutrient concentrations, not the amount absorbed by the human body. 

Why Is Kufri Jamunia Purple?

• The purple colour of Kufri Jamunia comes from anthocyanins, naturally occurring plant pigments belonging to the flavonoid group.
• Anthocyanins are also found in jamun, blueberries, black grapes and several other colourful fruits and vegetables.
• These compounds have antioxidant properties and can help protect biological molecules from oxidative damage in experimental settings.
• However, the specific health benefits of consuming Kufri Jamunia require further human studies.

Agricultural Performance and Cultivation of Kufri Jamunia

Kufri Jamunia has been evaluated under different agro-climatic conditions to assess its productivity, adaptability and suitability for cultivation.

• The variety produces medium to large, oblong tubers with shallow eyes and good storage characteristics.
• Under recommended cultivation practices, its yield potential is approximately 32–35 tonnes per hectare.
• It has been recommended for cultivation in several states, including Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Odisha and West Bengal.
• However, actual production varies according to location, soil conditions, disease pressure and crop management.

Regional Yield Performance

Comparison with Other Biofortified Potato Varieties

ICAR-CPRI has developed several coloured potato varieties to improve nutritional quality and promote crop diversification.

Yield figures are averages from the reported multi-location trials, not guaranteed farm-level yields. 

Significance of Kufri Jamunia for India

1. Improving Nutritional Security: Kufri Jamunia offers an additional food-based source of iron, zinc and vitamin C. Its development supports efforts to improve the nutritional quality of commonly consumed agricultural products.
2. Addressing Micronutrient Deficiencies: Iron and zinc deficiencies are important public health concerns. Wider consumption of nutrient-rich crops could complement existing nutritional interventions, although actual health benefits must be established through further studies.
3. Promoting Agricultural Innovation: The variety demonstrates how conventional plant breeding can combine desirable traits such as nutritional value, appearance, yield and storage quality in a single crop.
4. Encouraging Crop Diversification: Introducing specialised potato varieties can expand farmers' crop choices and create opportunities for differentiated agricultural products.
5. Supporting Food Processing Industries: Kufri Jamunia can be used to prepare traditional dishes, bakery products, soups and dehydrated potato flour. Its distinctive colour may create opportunities in value-added food processing.

Challenges Associated with Kufri Jamunia

Despite its nutritional potential, several scientific, agricultural and economic challenges could limit its contribution to combating hidden hunger.

1. Uncertainty Regarding Nutrient Absorption: The amount of iron or zinc present in a crop does not necessarily represent the quantity absorbed by the human body. Further bioavailability studies are required to establish its nutritional effectiveness.
2. Nutrient Loss During Cooking: Boiling, frying and other cooking methods can affect the concentration of certain nutrients. More variety-specific research is needed to determine how Indian cooking practices influence nutrient retention.
3. Risk of Late Blight Disease: Research has examined Kufri Jamunia's response to this disease, but the variety cannot be considered immune. Appropriate crop management and disease protection remain necessary. 
4. Market Acceptance: Its unusual purple appearance may attract some consumers while discouraging others accustomed to conventional potatoes. Consumer awareness, taste preferences and local food habits will influence adoption.

Government Initiatives to Address Hidden Hunger in India

These initiatives focus on improving access to essential nutrients, dietary quality and nutritional outcomes among vulnerable populations.

Way Forward

• Scientific Validation: Conduct large-scale nutritional studies to assess iron and zinc bioavailability, nutrient retention during cooking and measurable health outcomes.
• Affordable Seed Availability: Develop reliable seed multiplication and distribution systems to make the variety accessible to farmers.
• Improved Disease Management: Strengthen research on resistance to late blight and provide farmers with appropriate crop protection guidance.
• Consumer Awareness: Promote accurate information regarding the nutritional characteristics, taste and culinary applications of purple potatoes.
• Market Development: Encourage food processing, value addition and effective marketing to improve the economic viability of cultivation.

Conclusion

• Kufri Jamunia represents an important advancement in India's agricultural research and efforts to improve nutritional security. Developed by ICAR-CPRI, this biofortified purple potato contains higher concentrations of several important nutrients than conventional potatoes.
• However, higher nutrient content alone does not establish its effectiveness against hidden hunger. Its actual contribution will depend on affordability, farmer adoption, consumer acceptance, cooking practices and the absorption of nutrients by the human body.

FAQs